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Józef Pastuszka
Józef Pastuszka
Człowiek — istota religijna
Man — Religious Being
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From the fact that the historical as well as prehistorical man — (as far as we know of his existence through paleontological findings) — in his immense majority professed some religion, may be concluded that his religiosity in the very substance of the man’s reasonable nature, and not any of his accidental traits, occasionally conditioned. Therefore, the interpretations of religion, transmitted through the theories of psychologism, marxism and existentialism, and accompanied by a faulty comprehension of religious functions, are not satisfactory.The structure of religious acts consists of reasonable, volitional and emotional elements. They are unified by an intensional disposition towards God, yet imbued with a particular religious impulse which acts along with other drives in man, and constitutes the specificity of religious experience.Every great religion created a specific type of religiosity. It is manifest in the Christian religion which, through time, has branched out into various types of religiosity, notably catholic, protestant and others. The plenitude of man’s development also calls for a well — balanced religious life.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Issue: 4
Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Intensywność postawy religijnej a filozofia życia w świetle badań kwestionariuszem Ch. Morrisa „Drogi Życia”
The Intensity of Religious Attitudes and the Philosophy of Life in the Light of the Data Provided by Ch. Morris’ "Paths of Life”
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The present article displays te outcome of certain investigation on the question: do different intensities of religious attitude influence following changes in ones philosophy of life. By ’’intensity” must be understood the characteristics of the religious attitude which indicate with what strength and determination a person defends his position.A study of this intensity, presented in the author’s paper, is carried out with the help of Scales whereas Oh. Morris’ inquiry form ’’Paths of Life” applies to the study of the philosophy of life (polish translation by M. Choynowski). The investigations were anonymous. The persons under examination were well educated (either possessing a university degree or in their last years of studies), between the ages of 23 to 35 years. 60% of these subjects proclaimed themselves to be humanists while 40% ' were representatives of a' naturalist inclined field. These investigations represented three social classes: the intelligentsia the working class, and the peasants. To solve the problem undertaken, a way was sought of isolating the different manners of accepting the ’’Paths of Life” through persons who possess certain attitudes at various degrees of religious intensities. Firstly, three experimental groups were formed:— one possessing a high intensity of positive religious attitude (symbol: W+; N = 50);— one possessing a low intensity of religious attitude (symbol: W0; N = 50);— one with a high intensity of negative religious attitude (symbol: W-; N = 16).Next, certain groups were established which were subject to a thorough examination concerning their philosophies of life. The data obtained indicate the existence of important connections between variable investigations. This is due to the difference of various elements consisted in the philosophies of life of those groups possessing a high or low intensity of religious attitude. These differences appeared in nine (out of 14) of Morris’ ’’Paths of Life”. Consequently, the group W+, in comparison with group W- is more willing to accept the arguments of Paths I, III, XII and XIV yet clearly rejects the propositions of Paths IV, V, VII and VIII! Likewise, compared with group W-; group W+ is more ready to accept Paths I, III, XII and XIV, and opposes the propositions of Paths IV. Groups W- and W0 only differ in their estimation of Path XIV, group W- more firmly rejecting its arguments.A thorough analysis of the stated differences permits the isolation of distinct profiles of the respective groups. However, one may conclude that the essential elements of the philosophy of life affirmed by group W+ are: love, above all others, expressed in relation to indulgence and goodwill, acceptance of sacrifices and self-control. Moreover, this group highly esteems theoretical values. The philo sophy of life defined by group W0 seems to betray a certain ideological conformity for it leaves no leeway to theoretical ideals. Another characteristic of this group is its eclectic and sometimes pragmatic approach to life. The chief quality of this philosophy is joy, obtained from daily consumer goods.Its is important to note here a convergence of certain points in the philosophies of life of groups W+ and W_; as well as their individuality in the presence of postulates upheld by the philosophies of group W0. Despite this, both groups decidingly reject the eclectic character of philosophy, this being the source of many solutions and many different Paths of life—atypical approach of group W+. Furthermore, their philosophy is characterized by a greater idealism as well as by a great appreciation of theoretical values. This gives us reason to think that a high intensity (positive or negative) of religious attitude correlates with a more homogeneous philosophy of life: One with a stable hierarchy in its distribution of values. However it seems that ä low intensity implies a lack of strong foundations in the philosophy of life and a less integrate hierarchy in its distribution of values.
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Tadeusz Witkowski
Tadeusz Witkowski
Atrakcyjność grupy społecznj
The Attractiveness of Social Groups
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One of several important problems aroused by the existence of social groups which influence the individual by his education within the group during a relatively long length of time, is the following one: how to keep the individual in contact with the group. A lasting contact depends on certain achievements accomplished by the individual, by the group and the environment in which these two entities are plunged. The present deliberations, backed by a considerable number of scru t inies pursued within a certain range of set problems, are interested in he conditioning already evident wiithin the group, or, strictly speaking, in what is capable of ’’absorbing” the individual into the group. Without doubt, such handling of this subject must leave certain questions to the care of sociologists. However, it is possible to take into account the elements in the group with which the individual can identify his aspirations, without approaching the problem of group structure and such other problems. It is preferable to limit our deliberations to the questions that fall within the competence of psychology. It appears that the attractiveness of the goals presented by the group is significant in the establishment of individual- -group contact. The same applies to the attractiveness of the group members — both in contacts between collective elements (Institutions) and in individual interpersonal relationships. The attractiveness of the group leader is also of considerable importance whereas the activeness of the group is less essential to the establishment of these contacts.Furthermore, it is important to note that the different manners of individual behaviour within the group depend on which of these elements was conclusive in the establishment of the contact with the given individual.
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Czesław Walesa
Czesław Walesa
Teoretyczne podstawy badań nad wpływem eksperymentalnego nauczania na rozwój operacji logicznych u dzieci
The Theoretical Bases to the Study of Experimental Teaching of Logical Operations to Children
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The observations on the role of theory as adopted in experimental study in the field of psychology, indicates that the essential difference between empirical works is due to the applied methods. On the other hand, the main differences in methods suggest different theoretical bases; their principles and postulates express a definite convention. It seems that Piaget’s fundamental terms, for example, like "adaptation”, ’’assimilation”, "equilibrium”, as well as their definitions, are of such postulative and conventional nature.The comparison of Piaget’s theories with those of P. T. Galpierin, only with respect to the. most nodal and serious points of the discussed problem, proves their fundamental resemblance and accord. It seems that the essential differences are in the terminology and in the emphasis on certain aspects of the intellectual development of children.The author proposes the adoption of Piaget’s theory as a base to the study of experimental teaching of logical operations to children. Therefore, the article concentrates on the premises, problems, advantages and deficiencies of this theory.Just the same, one must ascertain that in the mere range of its effects, the teaching of Galpierin’s theory seems more promising. The author, relying on his own experimental investigations, wishes to demonstrate in his next article that the main contradictions which exist in the results of these two theories, are rattier apparent.
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Janusz Kostrzewski
Janusz Kostrzewski
Dynamika indywidualnego rozwoju intelektualnego w zespole L. Downa z uwzględnieniem rozwoju jednostek z pełną i niepełnątrisomią chromosomu z grupy G
The Dynamics of Intellectual Development in Individuals With Complete and Incomplete Trisomy of Chromosomes Group G in the Cariotype
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The aim of the present article is to ascertain whether the Mental Age of a whole group of persons with Down’s Syndrome as well as each individual reared in the home rises systematically with chronological age from the age of 1 yr. to that of 20 yrs. and more; or that, from the ages of 12 to 16 years, a decisive retardation in the mental development occurs,- as certain studies tend to suggest. Furthermore, this paper displays the solution to the problem whether there exists a difference between the dynamics of intellectual development of the entire group and that of individual persons with complete and incomplete trisomy of chromosomes group G.The intellectual development was measured by means of the Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale and/or Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1937), form L, whereas social maturity by means of E. Doll’s Vineland Social Maturity Scale. The conventional I.Q.s. scores were converted into Deviation I.Q.s. Furthermore, the data acquired from all interviews, as well as observations and results from medical examinations, were seriously taken into consideration.The results of this research were based on a sample of 165 persons of ages 7 months to 31 years, who reside in the home. The persons were tested 625 times, by means of the Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale and/or Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1937). 58.2% were of the male sex and 41.8% were females. Among 165 persons: in 4.9% was diagnosed a mild mental deficiency, 50.3% a moderate one, 39.4% — severe mental deficiency. A profound mental deficiency was detected in 5.4% of the cases. From among those examined, 76 persons were submitted to cytogenetic tests. Using peripheral blood culture, according to Moorhead's method modified by Lejeune, partial trisomia of chromosomes Gx in the cariotype was encountered in 10.9% children with Down syndrome, in 84.3% were discovered to have complete trisomy of chromosome G1. In 2.6% appeared a mosaicism of type 46/47. Among 2.6% of children (siblings) was detected a translocation of type G/D. These cytogenetic tests were undertaken by A. Dobrzańska, M. D.The (results based on a sample of 165 persons which were put to a series of 625 tests seem to indicate:1. That the Mental Age related to an entire group of persons progresses in a rather systematic manner from one Chronological Age to another, namely from the age of 7 months to that of 20 yrs. and 6 months, and even above, calls for further investigations based on samples consisting of persons from an older C. A. group whose M. A. would be systematically measured during a period of several years.2. That the Mental Age of different individuals increases more or less systematically from one age (C. A.) to another, for only in 2.4% of the cases a definite retardation of intellectual development was detected. Of these, 0.6% suffered a temporary retardation whereas 1.8% a permanent one. This retardation in mental development is accompanied by an additional factor which tends to severely harm the cortex, attaining the highest possible degree of mental development, as well as by a change of educational environment for a less advantageous one.3. That the average I.Q.s hover more or less at the sanie level in the light of researches pursued at the chronological age level of 10 months to 20 yrs. and 6 months.4. A close analysis of the I.Q.s of several particular persons indicates that only in particular cases appears a statistically significant lowering of the I.Q.s (among 7.9%). In the majority of cases (73.9), the I.Q.s are not subject to a significant change during a period of 4 yrs. and 2 months for this was the average amount of time between the first and last testing of the whole group of persons, Nevertheless, in 18.2% of the individuals, one can ascertain a significant improvement — and in 2.5% of these an even considerable one.5. In the light of author’s own investigations it seems unfair to slate that between the ages of 12 to 16 years, the Mental Age (mental development) of all Mongoloids is arrested. Neither retardation nor dementia was revealed in the whole group of examined persons, If certain cases revealing retardation in the mental development do appear, this rarely comes about 2.4%. Even in individual cases dementia has not been detected.6. Research conducted within a group of persons with complete trisomy (29 persons tested 159 times), and those with incomplete1 (partial) trisomy (8 persons tested 49 times) seems to indicate that an individual with incomplete trisomy possesses a higher I.Q. whereas his Mental Age increases faster when compared to individuals with complete trisomy of chromosome G1 in cariotype (see diagrams 4, 5 and 6). This equally affects both examined groups. These conclusions nevertheless require a confirmation based on more substantial material (more persons).
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Jan Rzepka
Jan Rzepka
Niektóre historyczne aspekty współczesnego problemu wolności woli człowieka
Certain Historical Aspects of the Actual Problem of Man’s Free Will
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The examination of the actual problem concerning the liberty of man’s free will, calls for the allowance for its historical context since this permits the deeper understanding of the facts involved in the problem. The more so that the liberty of man’s free will is an ’’eternal problem”. The essence of it consists in the fact that never one single solution can be satisfactory and acceptable however accurate it may appear. Consequently, this problem is bound to become an eternal subject of human inquiry with the objective of working out such a concept of freedom which would be, on the given level of human development, consistent with the most reasonable and reliable, as well as accepted in our time, total state of knowledge of man.The imperceptibility, indifference, and, furthermore, the failure to realize this postulate, are one of the basic sources of misunderstandings which arose throughoat history around the problem of free will.An example of this can be spotted in the different concepts which began to blossom during the Renaissance period, and which flowed unilaterally, and consequently inspired a fallacious apprehension of the problem of free will. Particularly the mechanistic, and later the biological, concept became the source of numerous misunderstandings and even absurdities in the sphere of the discussed problem.The impact of the XIXth century thought and philosophy, with reference to the problem, was certainly the most important. The unilateral, and very often exaggerated emphasis on some aspects of the problem, brought about its desactu- alization. The determinism, discovered at the time by scientific means, placed man in the realm of nature and proved a human arrogation towards free will. Likewise, the evolution of numerous currents of psychological though during the XXth century seemed to negate the very possibility of man’s free will.Meanwhile, in the light of newer concepts of man, as well as a new wave of psychological works that swept across the continent of Europe witnessed a ’’renaissance” in the problem of free will.
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Stefan Kunowski
Stefan Kunowski
Problemy badania świadomości młodzieży:
(Charakterystyka prac z psychologii wychowawczej w KUL-u)
Problémes des Recherches sur la Conscience de la Jeunesse
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L’article présente le développement de la psychologie éducative à l'Université Catholique de Lublin dans les années 1922—1969. La première partie dessine la caractéristique de la psychologie éducative en tant que science et analyse ses tâches du côté pédagogique. La deuxième partie traite des problèmes de terminologie et de méthodologie, en soulignant que les phénomènes dans la psychologie pédagogique devraient être traités: clans les ensembles d’action conforme au but proposé en plein développement et intégralement. L’article détermine ici les conditions d'objectivité et de justesse de la méthode d’enquête psycho-éducative lors des recherches sur la conscience et l’auto-conscience de la jeunesse. La troisième partie de l’article présente une revue des tendances dans 110 thèses de licence et de doctor at des 8 dernières années (1962—1969). 1. La tendance méthodologique embrasse une comparaison des bases de la psychologie américaine et de la psychologie européenne ainsi que la genèse de la psychologie éducative polonaise (2 travaux). 2. La tendance historique analyse les bases psychologiques et pédagogiques des systèmes des grands éducateurs catholiques du passé et de la période d’avant-guerre (22 travaux). 3. La tendance systématique a contribué au développement des travaux: a) de psychologie de l'éducation religieuse et morale de la jeunesse catéchisée, des répondants, des séminaristes, des novices aux couvents (34 travaux), b) de psychologie d’éducation familiale (14 travaux) et de psychologie d’auto-éducation de la jeunesse (18 travaux), c) de psychologie d'éducation dans d autres institutions comme écoles, internats, orphelinats etc.
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Zdzisław Chlewlński
Zdzisław Chlewlński
Psychologia na uniwersytetach amerykańskich:
(Spostrzeżenia i refleksje)
Psychologia na uniwersytetach amerykańskich
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Zygfryd Jucha
Zygfryd Jucha
Dynamika osobowości. IV Sympozjum psychologii klinicznej (8—9 V 1970 r. — KUL)
Dynamika osobowości. IV Sympozjum psychologii klinicznej (8—9 V 1970 r. — KUL)
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Readings in the Psychology of Cognition
Readings in the Psychology of Cognition
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Anna Hunca
Anna Hunca
The Experimental Psychology of Original Thinking
The Experimental Psychology of Original Thinking
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Issue: 3
Włodzimierz Zonn
Włodzimierz Zonn
Obserwacyjne aspekty wspołczesnej kosmologii
Observational Aspects of Modern Cosmology
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The writer presents some results of extragalactic observations which play or allegedly would play rather important role in cosmology, discussing each of them shortly. First the redshift impying the finite age of the universe; later the isotropy and the general clustering tendency of the population of our neighborhood, and finally the fact, that all galaxies appear in some discrete morfological types, suggesting that their evolution follow different ways depending probably upon the initial mass or age of a given galaxy.Finally two groups of the modern cosmological theories are outlined — the evolutional theories and those of steady state — and the chief ideas concerning their observational testing are presented.
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Stanisław Mazierski
Stanisław Mazierski
Charakterystyka i kierunki rozwoju kosmologii przyrodniczej
Characterisation and Directions of Development in the Scientific Cosmology
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Two kinds of cosmology develope today: the scientific and the philosophical one. This last, dating from the times of Aristotle, arised as a result of Philosophie reflection and current experience. Wherais the scientific cosmology is „a physical theory of the origin, structure and development of the universe as a whole.”The term „universe” is laden with ambiguity. It gets its significance according to the cosmological theory, in whidh it appears. It has another significance in the Newtonian cosmology, and another one in the relativistic cosmology, in Milne’s kinematic relativity, in the steady — state theory, and still another one in the theory of A. Eddington, P. Dirac and Jordan. We must .regard the definition of the term „universe” as a contextual definition.The object of cosmology has a peculiar character, because the universe, which it explores, is one. The unie object of exploration has imposed on the cosmology the method of extrapolation and the axiomatical — deductive method. The first of these methods has not yet been duly elaborated till now.The cosmologists, diverging from the common cosmological principle, give more attention to the exploration of models with a smaller degree of symmetry.At present a greater and greater interest is aroused by the results of the researches in the dommain of the evolution of nebulae and the clusters of nebulae, beceuse these results are closely connected with the evolution of the universe. The future belongs to the exploration of radio stars and quasi-stars. In the focus of attention of the scientists is the problem of cosmologic or uncosmologic provenience of the quasi-stars.A condition of the development of cosmology is the elaboration of the methodology of this scientific branch. The methodologic problems are suibstiancially connected with the physical content of cosmology itself. The lack of precision of conceptions. has an. unfavourable influence upon the construction of cosmologic theories.
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Michał Heller
Michał Heller
Zasada Macha w kosmologii relatywistycznej
Mach’s Principle in Relativistic Cosmology
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1. The most distressing thing about General Relativity is the lack of contacts of the theory with observational or experimental facts. The theory is based upon rather „philosophical” reasons. Such a philosophical reason is first of all the idea of relativity itself. As a precursor of this idea may be considered Copernicus, who has shown that the frame of reference connected with Sun is as good to express the planets’ motions as the frame of reference connected with Earth. According to Newton all mechanical lows have the same form in any inertial frame of reference — this statement is known as the classical principle of relativity. But Newton guessed that only uniform motions have a relative character. The inertial forces appearing in accelerated motions indicate that body moves absolutely in absolute spaceErnest Mach, accordingly to his positivistic views, asserted that — remaining in the ground of facts — one may speak about relative space and relative motions only. Most precise inertial frame of reference is that connected with the centre of all masses in the Universe. We cannot consider the inertial properties of any material body in the reference to any absolute space but only to the all other masses in the universe. The idea of relativity of inertia in nowadays physics is known as a ’’Mach’s principle”.2. The so called ’’Mach’s principle” has not any strictly determined physical sense. In the scientific papers we can find quite different formulations pretending to express Mach’s original ideas. Let us catalogue them.As a least precised postulate may be considered the following:(I) There exists a certain connection between the local dynamics and the structure of the universe as a whole. (B. Bertotti)The postulate (I) is sometimes expressed in the more precise forms demanding connections between the local motion and the distribution of the masses in the universe or between the local motion and the motion considered, by different manners, globally.(II, 1) "Only motion with the respect to material bodies — the word taken in its daily-life sense — has a physical meanning”. (O. Klein)(II, 2) "The local inertial frame is determined by some average of the motion of the distant astronomical objects”. (H. Bondi)(II, 3) The motions equivalent cinematically are equivalent dynamically too. (F. A. E. Pirani)(II, 4) "The local reference frames in which Newton’s laws are approximately valid (without the introduction of Coriolis or centrifugal forces) are those frames which are approximately non-rotating relative to the distant stars”. (F. A. E. Pirani)In the next formulations one does not speak of motions and inertial frames but rather directly of inertia.(III, 1) The magnitude of the inertia of the test body depends on the masses of the universe and their distribution.(III, 2) "The magnitude of the inertia of the test body is entirely determined by the masses of the universe and by their distribution”. (H. Bondi)(III, 2a) "The geometry of spacetime and therefore the inertial properties of every infinitesimal test particle are determined by the distribution of energy flow through all space”. (J. A. Wheeler)(III, 3) ”In a consequential theory of relativity there can be no inertia of matter against space but only inertia of matter against matter. If therefore a body is removed sufficiently far from all other masses of the universe its inertia must be reduced to zero”. (A. Einstein)(III, 4) "The bulk matter (or "fixed stars”) of the universe determines the compass of inertia, and the two cannot rotate relative to each other”. (R. Adler, M. Bazin, M. Schiffer)The Mach’s principle is often expressed as a formal prescription of its realization :(IV, 1) "Space devoid of all matter should be devoid of physical structure and the concept of the structure of a physical space should have meaning only when the space contains matter”. (R. H. Dicke)(IV, 2) ”G-field is entirely determined by the masses of bodies. Mass and energy, according to conclusions of special theory of relativity, are essentially equivalent; formally energy is described by the symmetric energy tensor, i.e. G-field is defined and determined by the energy-matter tensor”. (A. Einstein)Demanding that G-field should be determined by the matter and its distribution means:(IV, 3) For the empty space (Tμv = 0) field equations should’nt have any solutions, except the flat (euclidean) ones, or:(IV, 3a) In "the absence of matter spacetime necessarily should be Minkowskian. (F. A. E. Pirani)or:(IV, 4) ”In the absence of matter there should be no geometric structure to spacetime, i.e. with Tμv = 0 there should be no solutions to the field equations”. (A. Trautman)Introducing into the field equations the so called ’’cosmological constant” Einstein was able to show:(IV, 5) (a) that there exists the solution with the uniform density of matter and space so curved that although unbounded it is finite. It abolished infinity where all difficulties with boundary conditions arose;(b) he thought, though mistakenly, that for positive values of cosmological constant field equations have no solutions for T^v = 0.According to primary Einstein’s opinion these two points incorporate Mach’s principle into General Relativity. These Einstein’s suggestions are nowadays sometimes expressed in slightly modified form:(IV, 6) Our real world is described only by these solutions of Einstein’s equa tions which are closed in the spacial dimensions. (S. Bażański, M. Demiański)Mach’s principle is by some authors expressed in very special form concerning the variability of physical constants:(V, 1) The constant of gravitation contains informations about the structure and evolution of the universe, i.e. it changes depending on the distribution of matter in the universe. (H. Bondi)The postulate (V, 1) may be expressed in slightly modified form:(V, 2) The constant of gravitation is really constant, yet inertial mass of the test particle changes depending on the structure and evolution of the universe. (R. H. Dicke)Formulations (V, 1) and (V, 2) are complementary. One may, therefore, postulate jointly (V, 1) and (V,2).(V, 3) All physical constants are determined by the "material content” of the world, i.e. values of all physical constants contain some informations about structure and evolution of the universe.All these formulations of Mach’s idea suggest the following, most maximalistic, postulate:The physical theory should be devoid of any absolute elements. All physical magnitudes (such as: all constants, quantity of different kinds of elementary particles, their masses, charges and so on) should be defined by the ’’material content” of the universe.3. All formulations of Mach’s principle stated above are briefly cleared up and their relation to General Relativity discussed.4. Some theorems (in the text equipped with proofs) concerning the possibility of realization of Mach’s principle:A. Theorems about the differentiable manifoldsTheorem A, 1: The differentiable manifold implies geometrical structure, namely the affine space locally tangent.From this purely geometrical theorem and the assumption that geometrical structure (in this or another way) is equivalent to the physical one — such an assumption is made in General Relativity — results:Th. A, 2: A physical theory using for the geometrization of the phenomenon of gravitation any possible geometry based on the concept of differentiable manifold cannot be Machian in the sense of (IV, 1).If one identifies — in any manner — the local inertial frame with the local affine frame of coordinates (and this is a case in General Relativity), then (A, 2) changes into:Th. A, 3: A physical theory using for the geometrization of the phenomenon of gravitation any possible geometry based on the concept of differentiable manifold cannot be Machian in the sense of (II, 2).From (A, 3) follows that in the physical theory, of which this theorem is speaking, the local inertial frame cannot be entirely determined by the random motion of distant astronomical objects. The theorem do not exclude that the local inertial frame could be partially determined by something external relative to the concept of differentiable manifold, e.g. by the random motion*of distant stars.Since the motion of the test body can be referred to the local frame in the manifold, (A, 3) takes the form:Th. A, 4: A physical theory using for the geometrization of the phenomenon of gravitation any possible geometry based on the concept of differentiable manifold cannot be Machian in the sense of (II, 1).B. Theorems about the Riemannian spaceTheorem B, 1: Riemannian space implies geometrical structure, namely locally tangent (pseudo) euclidean space.From this purely geometrical theorem immediately follows:Th. B, 2: A physical theory using for the geometrization of the phenomenon of gravitation any possible Riemannian space cannot be Machian in the sense of (IV, 2).If one assumes that the motion along the geodetic, s,c. free fall, determines the inertial properties of the test particle (such an assumption is made in General Relativity), from (B, 1) one comes to following:Th. B, 3: A physical theory using for the geometrization of the phenomenon of gravitation any possible Riemannian space cannot be Machian in the sense of (HI, 2).The physical theory, about which the theorem (B, 3) is speaking, cannot be Machian in the sense of (III, 2), but can be Machian in the sense of (III, 1). As we know General Relativity is Machian precisely in this sense.If inertia of the test body is entirely determined by the masses, of the universe, we will speak about the inertia in reference to masses; if the inertia of the: test body is not entirely determined by the masses of the universe, we will speak about inertia in reference to space. In such a convention theorem (B, 3) changes into:Th. B, 4: A physical theory using for the geometrization of the phenomenon of gravitation any possible Riemannian space cannot be Machian in the sense of (HI, 3).
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Mieczysław Lubański
Mieczysław Lubański
Możliwość filozoficznej interpretacji wspołczesnych teorii koismogonicznych
The Possibility of Philosophical Interpretation of the Modern Cosmogonic Theories
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The man was always interested — and still interested nowadays — in the cosmologic-cosmogonic problematics. He is curious about the framework ol the universe, its structure, its origin etc. The problematic of that kind can be put as well in scientific considerations, as in the philosophical ones. These last considerations constitute the crowning achievement of the ipurely technical and fragmentary investigations of the particular sciences. At the same time however the philosophical thinking which touches the problems concerning the exploring of the universe, cannot out itself ideologically from the achievements obtained by the natural sciences under penalty of falling into the apriorism. Therefore it is an important thing to search the here existing relations and to bring into relief some arising theses.The article represents the contemporary problematic of the scientific cosmogony. It has been thus discussed the problem of the formation of the solar system, the question of the originating of the stars as well as of the chemical elements, otherwise the nucleosynthesis. Attention has been paid to the fact, that the contemporary planetary cosmogony is connected with the stellar cosmogony. One cannot separate the generating of their parent stars. This reacts automatically on the problem of the age of planets in relation to the age of stars. It is nowadays generally accepted in the stellar cosmogony, that the stars originate from the cosmic matter on the way of condensation, cosmogonically interested is the fact of clustering of the matter into stars and not into other material formations as well as the fact of the formation of stars in whole groups, and not singly.The nucleosynthesis, or the generating of nuclei of the atom has also a great philosophical-scientific implication. Thanks to these considerations one can obtain the transfer of the problematic of the generating of elements into the lower layers of the matter, which is both scientifically and philosophically important and interesting. From the consideration relating to the nucleosynthesis a report has been made on the reactions of the „combustion” of hydrogen and the „combustion” of helium. The reaction of the first kind lead to the generating of the nuclei helium from the nuclei of hydrogen, otherwise — protons. They are called in short reactions of the type p-p, as well as C. N. The „combustion” of helium, otherwise the reaction leading from nuclei of helium to the nucleus of coal has been presented in form 3.Natural sciences and the philosophy of nature — this is a very controversial and constantly actual subject. Here has been presented the position of A. G. van Meisen, which seemed to be convenient for the problematic touched in this article. Basing on the so definite standpoint have been discussed from the logical and factual point of view the deficiencies of the reasonings out of the domain of the philosophy of nature and relating to the problematic interrelated with the universe. The cosmogony seems to be so to say the negative norm for philosophical considerations, it warns against the easy and hasty generalizing of conclusions, which is given to us by the current experience.It has been also observed that the traditional conception of contingent being does not seem to be fully adequate. The ideological atmosphere, which is associated with the scientific cosmogony, seems to suggest distincly the introduction of necessary corrections.The genral implication of the article leads to the conviction of the necessity to proclain oneself in favour of the dynamically understood philosophy of nature. Dynamic and development — these shall be the features of the contemporary philosophy of nature.
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Wyjaśnianie dedukcyjne
Deductive Explanation
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The task of this article is a systematic approach to problems connected with the deductive explanation, as a particular case of generalizing which problems are actually discussed in the literature of the subject. The deductive explanation is understood in this article, as a function of structural elements of the physical theory (sc. laws of the physics). These problems have been discussed in the following order: 1° The logic structure of the deductive-nomologioal explanation and its different interpretations. 2° Conditioning of such an explanation. These conditions have been arranged according to the manner of denomination of the correspondent deductive explanation, which fuefills a definite group of conditions. And so it has been distinguished: a) a complete explanation, b) a satisfactory explanation, c) an adequate explanation. In turn more representative conditionnings have been put to analysis. 3°. The question of rotation which occurs in these two central functions of the physical theory. 4° Is a deductive explanation, the same as a causal explanation? 5° An attempt to modify the definition of potential explanation, which occurs when we abstract from the qualification of the truth of sentences which enters into the composition of the explanans.
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Włodzimierz Sedlak
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Wstęp do elektromagnetycznej teorii życia
Introduction to the Electromagnetic Life Theory
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The (phenomena of bioluminiscence, action currents of the muscle and nerve cells, electrostasis, biopotentials by plants, electrophoresis and semiconduction of proteins and nucleic acids constitute the basis of the electromagnetic interpretation of life phenomena. To take the matter methodically the inorganic functional relicts in the present nature of life should be discovered and given a proper explanation. To the archaic features of life, which perhaps had been brought away already from the inorganic start, belong: semiconduction of proteins, absorption of the electromagnetic waves by typical length, extort emission, optical activity. The semi-conductive electronics gives a good approximation of the functionality of living systems. Life is a bisemiconducting system, one of which is inorganic colloid, and the other — water. The basic vibrator constitutes a micromolecule of amphoteric colloid with disposed „electrochemical weight” on both sides of the isoelectric point. The donor-acceptor balance of a molecule changes according to the electronic value of the medium as well as such a balance of the neighbouring molecules. The author is carying out the analysis of a single vibrating system of an amphoteric molecule, and considers it as a micro junction p-n with electronic transfer through the isoelectric point.In the „horizontal” direction (conventionally the direction of the extension of a flat molecule) lies the level of the changes; and square to is the level of the signal (information). This basic electromagnetic situation is valid also for the biological geometry. And consequently will be the distinguished directions of the biophysical evolution. ,a) The evolution in horizontal level is in the first place the extension of the amphoteric molecule, the increase of the electronic antagonisms, the augmentation of the donor-acceptor balance, the growth of the redox potential. This was performed by replacing the inorganic semiconductor by organic compounds. A further stage of evolution was the development of the properties of the semiconducting organic compounds up to the production of ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics.Presently we find properties in proteins, nucleic acids as well as at least some of saccharides. It has been stated that the good properties are shown aromatic compounds, especially by linearly condensed rings. The life has exploited this fact by producing compounds of the tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, porphirin, adenine, uracil a.is.f. The primary functional presumptions have been extended an organic foundations. The biochemical evolution of protoliving formations has been dictated by the increase of semiconducting properties.b) The varying electronic states in the semiconductor (redox, excited centres, singlet and triplet states, voltage-current situations) are revealed by the emission an electromagnetic wave. The evolution of information could not exceed the analogic phenomena in the inorganic semiconductors. The evolution of the signal was conditioned by generating organic semiconductors and minimalizing the electronic inertia. The facility of setting free electrons, their mobility, the quickness of the changes of the donor in the acceptor state and inversely, led to the increase of the frequency of the emitted wave (flinght towards ultraviolet). It follows simultaneously the integration into higher and higher organized units of life (molecules, cells, organs, organism). The integration is performed on electromagnetic principles, certainly by means of an adequate length of wave on different levels. In this manner the elongation of the wave would be the expression of the higher organizing (flight towards infra-red radiation). In this manner the spectral apparition of life is being widened as an expression of specialization as well as integration.c) The semiconductors show also a surface condensation of the charges which represents the electrostasis in biological systems. Likewise this evolutional direction ought to be marked as a consequence of the differentiation of the system. This evolutional role of electrostasis has been developed by the author in another publication.d) The biophysical evolution conduced in result to the generating of high- -efficient laser of small power, which works on the base of organic semiconductors. The biological laser puts to its use the pumping of all kinds, not only optic pumping, but also the chemical, gravitational, electric, magnetic, ones. The utilization of the chelating properties of some chemical compounds to the production of the technical laser has been also taken into account in the biological laser, as chelating properties of the porphyrins (chlorophyll, heme). The author develops broadly the foundations of the biological laser, without excepting the inner pumping, excepted the heterogenic one. The information inside the biological system occurs among others on the basis of the magnetohydrodynamic wave, taking into account the paramagnetic resonance of the biopolymers as well as of the tissues. The evolution of life is the development of laser small power, which works on organic semiconductors with the efficiency of 100%.The outline of the electromagnetic theory of life gives new perspectives tc the genetieal code, which is read the modulator DNA, to the morphogenesis, where the carrier wave transmits informations for biological levels of different ranges. The holographic record of memory in the cerebral cells is only one the manifestations of the function of the biological laser. Wheres the spectogram of the biological system with characterization of typical lines of species has real foundations. The author proves that the essence of life is of electromagnetic nature.
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recenzje i sprawozdania |
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Antoni Jerzy Czyżewski
Antoni Jerzy Czyżewski
Purpose in Nature
Purpose in Nature
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Studies in the Foundations, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science
Studies in the Foundations, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science
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Mieczysław Lubański
Mieczysław Lubański
Problemy tieorii prostranstwa, wriemieni i matierii
Problemy tieorii prostranstwa, wriemieni i matierii
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