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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Józef Pastuszka
Józef Pastuszka
Człowiek — istota religijna
Man — Religious Being
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From the fact that the historical as well as prehistorical man — (as far as we know of his existence through paleontological findings) — in his immense majority professed some religion, may be concluded that his religiosity in the very substance of the man’s reasonable nature, and not any of his accidental traits, occasionally conditioned. Therefore, the interpretations of religion, transmitted through the theories of psychologism, marxism and existentialism, and accompanied by a faulty comprehension of religious functions, are not satisfactory.The structure of religious acts consists of reasonable, volitional and emotional elements. They are unified by an intensional disposition towards God, yet imbued with a particular religious impulse which acts along with other drives in man, and constitutes the specificity of religious experience.Every great religion created a specific type of religiosity. It is manifest in the Christian religion which, through time, has branched out into various types of religiosity, notably catholic, protestant and others. The plenitude of man’s development also calls for a well — balanced religious life.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Intensywność postawy religijnej a filozofia życia w świetle badań kwestionariuszem Ch. Morrisa „Drogi Życia”
The Intensity of Religious Attitudes and the Philosophy of Life in the Light of the Data Provided by Ch. Morris’ "Paths of Life”
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The present article displays te outcome of certain investigation on the question: do different intensities of religious attitude influence following changes in ones philosophy of life. By ’’intensity” must be understood the characteristics of the religious attitude which indicate with what strength and determination a person defends his position.A study of this intensity, presented in the author’s paper, is carried out with the help of Scales whereas Oh. Morris’ inquiry form ’’Paths of Life” applies to the study of the philosophy of life (polish translation by M. Choynowski). The investigations were anonymous. The persons under examination were well educated (either possessing a university degree or in their last years of studies), between the ages of 23 to 35 years. 60% of these subjects proclaimed themselves to be humanists while 40% ' were representatives of a' naturalist inclined field. These investigations represented three social classes: the intelligentsia the working class, and the peasants. To solve the problem undertaken, a way was sought of isolating the different manners of accepting the ’’Paths of Life” through persons who possess certain attitudes at various degrees of religious intensities. Firstly, three experimental groups were formed:— one possessing a high intensity of positive religious attitude (symbol: W+; N = 50);— one possessing a low intensity of religious attitude (symbol: W0; N = 50);— one with a high intensity of negative religious attitude (symbol: W-; N = 16).Next, certain groups were established which were subject to a thorough examination concerning their philosophies of life. The data obtained indicate the existence of important connections between variable investigations. This is due to the difference of various elements consisted in the philosophies of life of those groups possessing a high or low intensity of religious attitude. These differences appeared in nine (out of 14) of Morris’ ’’Paths of Life”. Consequently, the group W+, in comparison with group W- is more willing to accept the arguments of Paths I, III, XII and XIV yet clearly rejects the propositions of Paths IV, V, VII and VIII! Likewise, compared with group W-; group W+ is more ready to accept Paths I, III, XII and XIV, and opposes the propositions of Paths IV. Groups W- and W0 only differ in their estimation of Path XIV, group W- more firmly rejecting its arguments.A thorough analysis of the stated differences permits the isolation of distinct profiles of the respective groups. However, one may conclude that the essential elements of the philosophy of life affirmed by group W+ are: love, above all others, expressed in relation to indulgence and goodwill, acceptance of sacrifices and self-control. Moreover, this group highly esteems theoretical values. The philo sophy of life defined by group W0 seems to betray a certain ideological conformity for it leaves no leeway to theoretical ideals. Another characteristic of this group is its eclectic and sometimes pragmatic approach to life. The chief quality of this philosophy is joy, obtained from daily consumer goods.Its is important to note here a convergence of certain points in the philosophies of life of groups W+ and W_; as well as their individuality in the presence of postulates upheld by the philosophies of group W0. Despite this, both groups decidingly reject the eclectic character of philosophy, this being the source of many solutions and many different Paths of life—atypical approach of group W+. Furthermore, their philosophy is characterized by a greater idealism as well as by a great appreciation of theoretical values. This gives us reason to think that a high intensity (positive or negative) of religious attitude correlates with a more homogeneous philosophy of life: One with a stable hierarchy in its distribution of values. However it seems that ä low intensity implies a lack of strong foundations in the philosophy of life and a less integrate hierarchy in its distribution of values.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Tadeusz Witkowski
Tadeusz Witkowski
Atrakcyjność grupy społecznj
The Attractiveness of Social Groups
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One of several important problems aroused by the existence of social groups which influence the individual by his education within the group during a relatively long length of time, is the following one: how to keep the individual in contact with the group. A lasting contact depends on certain achievements accomplished by the individual, by the group and the environment in which these two entities are plunged. The present deliberations, backed by a considerable number of scru t inies pursued within a certain range of set problems, are interested in he conditioning already evident wiithin the group, or, strictly speaking, in what is capable of ’’absorbing” the individual into the group. Without doubt, such handling of this subject must leave certain questions to the care of sociologists. However, it is possible to take into account the elements in the group with which the individual can identify his aspirations, without approaching the problem of group structure and such other problems. It is preferable to limit our deliberations to the questions that fall within the competence of psychology. It appears that the attractiveness of the goals presented by the group is significant in the establishment of individual- -group contact. The same applies to the attractiveness of the group members — both in contacts between collective elements (Institutions) and in individual interpersonal relationships. The attractiveness of the group leader is also of considerable importance whereas the activeness of the group is less essential to the establishment of these contacts.Furthermore, it is important to note that the different manners of individual behaviour within the group depend on which of these elements was conclusive in the establishment of the contact with the given individual.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Czesław Walesa
Czesław Walesa
Teoretyczne podstawy badań nad wpływem eksperymentalnego nauczania na rozwój operacji logicznych u dzieci
The Theoretical Bases to the Study of Experimental Teaching of Logical Operations to Children
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The observations on the role of theory as adopted in experimental study in the field of psychology, indicates that the essential difference between empirical works is due to the applied methods. On the other hand, the main differences in methods suggest different theoretical bases; their principles and postulates express a definite convention. It seems that Piaget’s fundamental terms, for example, like "adaptation”, ’’assimilation”, "equilibrium”, as well as their definitions, are of such postulative and conventional nature.The comparison of Piaget’s theories with those of P. T. Galpierin, only with respect to the. most nodal and serious points of the discussed problem, proves their fundamental resemblance and accord. It seems that the essential differences are in the terminology and in the emphasis on certain aspects of the intellectual development of children.The author proposes the adoption of Piaget’s theory as a base to the study of experimental teaching of logical operations to children. Therefore, the article concentrates on the premises, problems, advantages and deficiencies of this theory.Just the same, one must ascertain that in the mere range of its effects, the teaching of Galpierin’s theory seems more promising. The author, relying on his own experimental investigations, wishes to demonstrate in his next article that the main contradictions which exist in the results of these two theories, are rattier apparent.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Janusz Kostrzewski
Janusz Kostrzewski
Dynamika indywidualnego rozwoju intelektualnego w zespole L. Downa z uwzględnieniem rozwoju jednostek z pełną i niepełnątrisomią chromosomu z grupy G
The Dynamics of Intellectual Development in Individuals With Complete and Incomplete Trisomy of Chromosomes Group G in the Cariotype
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The aim of the present article is to ascertain whether the Mental Age of a whole group of persons with Down’s Syndrome as well as each individual reared in the home rises systematically with chronological age from the age of 1 yr. to that of 20 yrs. and more; or that, from the ages of 12 to 16 years, a decisive retardation in the mental development occurs,- as certain studies tend to suggest. Furthermore, this paper displays the solution to the problem whether there exists a difference between the dynamics of intellectual development of the entire group and that of individual persons with complete and incomplete trisomy of chromosomes group G.The intellectual development was measured by means of the Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale and/or Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1937), form L, whereas social maturity by means of E. Doll’s Vineland Social Maturity Scale. The conventional I.Q.s. scores were converted into Deviation I.Q.s. Furthermore, the data acquired from all interviews, as well as observations and results from medical examinations, were seriously taken into consideration.The results of this research were based on a sample of 165 persons of ages 7 months to 31 years, who reside in the home. The persons were tested 625 times, by means of the Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale and/or Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1937). 58.2% were of the male sex and 41.8% were females. Among 165 persons: in 4.9% was diagnosed a mild mental deficiency, 50.3% a moderate one, 39.4% — severe mental deficiency. A profound mental deficiency was detected in 5.4% of the cases. From among those examined, 76 persons were submitted to cytogenetic tests. Using peripheral blood culture, according to Moorhead's method modified by Lejeune, partial trisomia of chromosomes Gx in the cariotype was encountered in 10.9% children with Down syndrome, in 84.3% were discovered to have complete trisomy of chromosome G1. In 2.6% appeared a mosaicism of type 46/47. Among 2.6% of children (siblings) was detected a translocation of type G/D. These cytogenetic tests were undertaken by A. Dobrzańska, M. D.The (results based on a sample of 165 persons which were put to a series of 625 tests seem to indicate:1. That the Mental Age related to an entire group of persons progresses in a rather systematic manner from one Chronological Age to another, namely from the age of 7 months to that of 20 yrs. and 6 months, and even above, calls for further investigations based on samples consisting of persons from an older C. A. group whose M. A. would be systematically measured during a period of several years.2. That the Mental Age of different individuals increases more or less systematically from one age (C. A.) to another, for only in 2.4% of the cases a definite retardation of intellectual development was detected. Of these, 0.6% suffered a temporary retardation whereas 1.8% a permanent one. This retardation in mental development is accompanied by an additional factor which tends to severely harm the cortex, attaining the highest possible degree of mental development, as well as by a change of educational environment for a less advantageous one.3. That the average I.Q.s hover more or less at the sanie level in the light of researches pursued at the chronological age level of 10 months to 20 yrs. and 6 months.4. A close analysis of the I.Q.s of several particular persons indicates that only in particular cases appears a statistically significant lowering of the I.Q.s (among 7.9%). In the majority of cases (73.9), the I.Q.s are not subject to a significant change during a period of 4 yrs. and 2 months for this was the average amount of time between the first and last testing of the whole group of persons, Nevertheless, in 18.2% of the individuals, one can ascertain a significant improvement — and in 2.5% of these an even considerable one.5. In the light of author’s own investigations it seems unfair to slate that between the ages of 12 to 16 years, the Mental Age (mental development) of all Mongoloids is arrested. Neither retardation nor dementia was revealed in the whole group of examined persons, If certain cases revealing retardation in the mental development do appear, this rarely comes about 2.4%. Even in individual cases dementia has not been detected.6. Research conducted within a group of persons with complete trisomy (29 persons tested 159 times), and those with incomplete1 (partial) trisomy (8 persons tested 49 times) seems to indicate that an individual with incomplete trisomy possesses a higher I.Q. whereas his Mental Age increases faster when compared to individuals with complete trisomy of chromosome G1 in cariotype (see diagrams 4, 5 and 6). This equally affects both examined groups. These conclusions nevertheless require a confirmation based on more substantial material (more persons).
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Jan Rzepka
Jan Rzepka
Niektóre historyczne aspekty współczesnego problemu wolności woli człowieka
Certain Historical Aspects of the Actual Problem of Man’s Free Will
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The examination of the actual problem concerning the liberty of man’s free will, calls for the allowance for its historical context since this permits the deeper understanding of the facts involved in the problem. The more so that the liberty of man’s free will is an ’’eternal problem”. The essence of it consists in the fact that never one single solution can be satisfactory and acceptable however accurate it may appear. Consequently, this problem is bound to become an eternal subject of human inquiry with the objective of working out such a concept of freedom which would be, on the given level of human development, consistent with the most reasonable and reliable, as well as accepted in our time, total state of knowledge of man.The imperceptibility, indifference, and, furthermore, the failure to realize this postulate, are one of the basic sources of misunderstandings which arose throughoat history around the problem of free will.An example of this can be spotted in the different concepts which began to blossom during the Renaissance period, and which flowed unilaterally, and consequently inspired a fallacious apprehension of the problem of free will. Particularly the mechanistic, and later the biological, concept became the source of numerous misunderstandings and even absurdities in the sphere of the discussed problem.The impact of the XIXth century thought and philosophy, with reference to the problem, was certainly the most important. The unilateral, and very often exaggerated emphasis on some aspects of the problem, brought about its desactu- alization. The determinism, discovered at the time by scientific means, placed man in the realm of nature and proved a human arrogation towards free will. Likewise, the evolution of numerous currents of psychological though during the XXth century seemed to negate the very possibility of man’s free will.Meanwhile, in the light of newer concepts of man, as well as a new wave of psychological works that swept across the continent of Europe witnessed a ’’renaissance” in the problem of free will.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Stefan Kunowski
Stefan Kunowski
Problemy badania świadomości młodzieży:
(Charakterystyka prac z psychologii wychowawczej w KUL-u)
Problémes des Recherches sur la Conscience de la Jeunesse
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L’article présente le développement de la psychologie éducative à l'Université Catholique de Lublin dans les années 1922—1969. La première partie dessine la caractéristique de la psychologie éducative en tant que science et analyse ses tâches du côté pédagogique. La deuxième partie traite des problèmes de terminologie et de méthodologie, en soulignant que les phénomènes dans la psychologie pédagogique devraient être traités: clans les ensembles d’action conforme au but proposé en plein développement et intégralement. L’article détermine ici les conditions d'objectivité et de justesse de la méthode d’enquête psycho-éducative lors des recherches sur la conscience et l’auto-conscience de la jeunesse. La troisième partie de l’article présente une revue des tendances dans 110 thèses de licence et de doctor at des 8 dernières années (1962—1969). 1. La tendance méthodologique embrasse une comparaison des bases de la psychologie américaine et de la psychologie européenne ainsi que la genèse de la psychologie éducative polonaise (2 travaux). 2. La tendance historique analyse les bases psychologiques et pédagogiques des systèmes des grands éducateurs catholiques du passé et de la période d’avant-guerre (22 travaux). 3. La tendance systématique a contribué au développement des travaux: a) de psychologie de l'éducation religieuse et morale de la jeunesse catéchisée, des répondants, des séminaristes, des novices aux couvents (34 travaux), b) de psychologie d’éducation familiale (14 travaux) et de psychologie d’auto-éducation de la jeunesse (18 travaux), c) de psychologie d'éducation dans d autres institutions comme écoles, internats, orphelinats etc.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Zdzisław Chlewlński
Zdzisław Chlewlński
Psychologia na uniwersytetach amerykańskich:
(Spostrzeżenia i refleksje)
Psychologia na uniwersytetach amerykańskich
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Zygfryd Jucha
Zygfryd Jucha
Dynamika osobowości. IV Sympozjum psychologii klinicznej (8—9 V 1970 r. — KUL)
Dynamika osobowości. IV Sympozjum psychologii klinicznej (8—9 V 1970 r. — KUL)
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recenzje |
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Readings in the Psychology of Cognition
Readings in the Psychology of Cognition
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Anna Hunca
Anna Hunca
The Experimental Psychology of Original Thinking
The Experimental Psychology of Original Thinking
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