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articles
1. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk Reference, Description, and Explanation. Where Metaphysics Went Wrong?
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The classical arguments against metaphysics provided by Immanuel Kant, neopositivists and recently by analytical philosophers focus on the problem of meaning. In my paper I would like to shed a little bit of light on different dimensions of this problem in the metaphysical discourse and make a proposition how to overcome the difficulties that arise from this kind of discourse.
2. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Friedel Weinert The Modern Synthesis: Einstein and Kanti
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The paper discusses the Kantian legacy in modern views about scientific theories. The aim of this paper is to show how Einstein’s philosophy of science,which was inspired by his physics, offers a specialized version of the Kantian synthesis of Empiricism and Rationalism. In modern physical theories (relativityand quantum theory) Kant’s a priori conditions become ‘constraints’, as shown in Einstein’s use of principle theories. Einstein’s use of principle theories showshow constraints are used to steer the mapping of the rational onto the empirical elements of scientific theories.
3. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Roman Darowski The Polish Contribution to World Philosophy
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4. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Majid Amini Omnipotence and the Vicious Circle Principle
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The classical paradox of the stone, namely, whether an omnipotent being can create a stone that the being itself cannot lift is traditionally circumvented bya response propounded by Thomas Aquinas, that even omnipotent beings cannot accomplish the logically impossible. However, in their paper ‘The New Paradox of the Stone’, Alfred R. Mele and M.P. Smith attempt to reinstate the paradox without falling foul of the Thomistic logical constraint. According to Mele and Smith, instead of interpreting the paradox as posing a competition between a pair of omnipotent beings – represented by God at two different times – the paradox can be reformulated as posing a question about simultaneous competition between a pair of omnipotent beings. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to probe the possibility of the simultaneous existence of two omnipotent beings in view of the theological arguments for the „unicity of the omnipotent”.
5. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Mark McLeod-Harrison The Many Ways God Is. Ontological Pluralism and Traditional Christian Theism
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Traditional Christianity holds that God is a singular way, not dependent on the conceptual machinations of humans. I argue that God can be plural ways,different in different human conceptual schemes, all the while holding to traditional Christianity. In short, I provide a framework for an ontological pluralism thatextends not just to the world being various ways but to God being various ways.
6. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Piotr Moskal Affective Knowledge of God
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Affective knowledge of God is a kind of knowledge which follows human affectivity. This knowledge takes place on two levels: the level of the natural inclination of man towards God and the level of the religious bias of man towards God. What is the nature of affective knowledge of God? It seems there are three problems in question. First of all, as there is a natural inclination towards God in man, one will be restless unless one recognizes or finds God. Secondly, one who loves God has a new deeper knowledge of the divine things through connaturality and inclination. Thirdly, as the result of one’s encounter with God and of uniting with Him, man experiences certain subjective states which cannot be expressed by words.
7. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Camille E. Atkinson Is Gadamer’s Hermeneutics Inherently Conservative?
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According to two critics, Georgia Warnke and John Caputo, Gadamer’s hermeneutics is inherently „conservative” insofar as he appeals to tradition asa constituent in understanding. They insist that he simply preserves the ideals, norms and values of the Western metaphysical tradition without criticallyexamining them. I do not agree and will argue that views like this depend upon several false assumptions – for example, that Gadamer reifies the text as a „thingin-itself” (Sache selbst) and remains trapped in subjectivism. I will begin by examining some of the ways in which these charges might be warranted beforeproceeding to defend him.
8. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Simin Rahimi Divine Command Theory in the Passage of History
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Are actions that are morally good, morally good because God makes them so (e.g., by commanding them)? Or does God urge humans to do them because they are morally good anyway? What is, in general, the relationship between divine commands and ethical duties? It is not an uncommon belief among theists that morality depends entirely on the will or commands of God: all moral facts consist exclusively in facts about his will or commands. Thus, not only is an action right because it is commanded by God, but its conformity to his commands is what alone makes it right. An action is right (wrong) solely because he commands (forbids) it, and solely in virtue of his doing so. This view has come to be known as the „divine command theory of morality”. This paper is devoted to a brief reconstruction of claims and controversies surrounding the theory, beginning with Plato’s Euthyphro, which is the historical initiator of the debate and to a reconstruction of the various lines of argument that have been set forth to defend the theory.
9. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Irina-Gabriela Buda Consciousness and Evolution
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I analyse some of the key evolutionary issues that arise in the study of consciousness from a bio-philosophical point of view. They all seem to be related to the fact that phenomenality has a special status: it is a very complex feature, apparently more than biological, it is hard to define because of the plurality of its displays (cognition, various emotions, other complex functions such as vision) and it is difficult to study with classic evolutionary tools (such as philogenetics or paleoanthropology). Giving an answer to the question „is consciousness an adaptive trait?” thus seems to be very difficult and this paper intends to sketch some of the problems we should be concerned with when studying phenomenality as an adaptation.
10. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Mejame Ejede Charley Problematic of Technology and the Realms of Salvation in Heidegger’s Philosophy
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The aim of this paper is the exploration of Heidegger’s interpretation of the phenomenon of technology against the background of his new vision of reality. It can be said that in this context sin which was formerly moral and religious became in our age, as it were, technological. Because man has distanced himself from the Nature, he finds himself at the same time alienated and guilty, contemplating, like a child brazen in the brainlessness of what he has done and waiting in anguish the imminent punishment of a mother who does not forgive. Cum multis aliis, it is not only ugliness with which Heidegger reproaches technoscience but aggressiveness as well.
11. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Kazimierz Rynkiewicz Was verdanken wir Descartes in der gegenwärtigen Debatte über das Leib-Seele-Problem?
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Ziel des Aufsatzes ist es, einige relevante Sachverhalte aus der Philosophie Descartes´ hervorzuheben, welche die Entwicklung der (gegenwärtigen) Leib-Seele-Problem-Debatte maßgeblich geprägt haben. Aus der Sicht gegenwärtiger philosophischer Debatte wird die Fundierung des ontologischen DualismusDescartes´ aufgewiesen, um schließlich diesen Standpunkt einer kritischen Würdigung zu unterziehen – mit dem Blick auf eine Zukunftsperspektive. Dasmethodische Verfahren nimmt Rücksicht sowohl auf den Bereich a priori als auch den a posteriori.
book reviews and notices
12. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Roman Darowski Edukacja oświeceniowa a szkoła tradycyjna. Z dziejów kultury intelektualnej i filozoficznej [Enlightenment Education and Traditional Education. From the History of Intellectual and Philosophical Culture] by Stanisław Janeczek
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13. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Agnieszka Thier Ekofilozofia [Ecophilosophy]
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14. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Piotr Duchliński Ludwig Wittgenstein „przydzielony do Krakowa” [Ludwig Witgenstein „assinged to Krakow”], Józef Bremer and Josef Rothhaupt (eds)
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15. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Adam Świeżyński Podglądanie Wszechświata [Peeping the Universe] by Michał Heller
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16. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 2
Kazimierz Rynkiewicz Einführung in die Erkenntnistheorie [Introduction to Theory of Knowledge] by Gerhard Ernst
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articles
17. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
Sanford S. Levy Philippa Foot’s Theory of Natural Goodness
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Philippa Foot’s book, Natural Goodness, involves a large project including a theory of natural goodness, a theory of the virtues, and a theory of practical rationality. Natural goodness is the foundation for the rest and is used to support a more or less traditional list of the virtues and a theory of reasons for action.Though Foot’s doctrine of natural goodness may provide an account of some sort of goodness, I argue that it is not adequate as a foundation for practical rationality or as a defense of more or less traditional virtues.
18. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
Catherine Cowley Philia and Social Ethics
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Benedict XVI’s first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est, treated the different characteristics of human love and their expression. The first section discusses erosand the second shows how agape provides the essential framework for Catholic charitable organisations. I will be arguing that by omitting any reflection on therole of philia, he missed a significant opportunity to retrieve an important part of the Tradition and expand our usual understanding of the elements of social ethics. Part I briefly gives the background of Benedict’s non-use of philia in his encyclical and indicates the basis for the view that philia has no place in Christian social ethics. The favoured approach is that of agape. Part II presents Thomas Aquinas’ view of friendship and how it might counter the shortcomings identified by the authors in Part I. Part III applies his view of friendship to the key principles in Catholic social teaching of solidarity and preferential option for the poor. Part IVconcludes with some general summary remarks.
19. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
Jonathan Bowman Extending Habermas and Ratzinger’s Dialectics of Secularization: Eastern Discursive Influences on Faith and Reason in a Postsecular Age
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In the unlikely confluence of two colossal intellectual heritages, neo-Kantian Jurgen Habermas and Catholic prelate Joseph Ratzinger agree that wehave entered a postsecular age. For both, the inauguration of such an age entails skepticism towards absolutist science and a growing recognition of the contributions of spiritual worldviews to social solidarity. Following their call for a multi-faceted purification in the West whereby secular and religious commitments are subjected to mutual critique, I explore potential Eastern contributions to this process by providing a micro-analysis of the interaction of discursive subjects in three traditions: for Confucianism, the rectification of names; Taoism, truth disclosure; and Buddhism, right speech.
20. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
Jan Konior The Interplay of Philosophy and Religion in the Chinese Culture 互相作用中國哲學宗教和文化
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The aim of this article is to present the interplay between philosophy, religion and culture in China, to give a clear picture of philosophical, religious and cultural aspects of Chinese culture. What do we understand by Chinese culture? What is the role of Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Culture? The goal of this presentation is to present a deeper account of the philosophical, cultural and traditional differences and similarities between the Chinese and the Western World.What is the meaning of Chinese philosophical ideas? How do we understand and interpret Chinese thought? How do we build a bridge between East and West focused on cultural, philosophical and religious aspects? What has the West done for China and what has China done for West? Are we partners in inter-religious, cultural and philosophical dialogue?