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Konrad Rudnicki
Konrad Rudnicki
Podstawy obserwacyjne teorii kosmologicznych
Observational Data of Cosmological Theories
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The article presents some observational data concerning the collocation of galaxies and their clusters in space. Moreover, the isothropic character of that collocation was discussed in the article together with the dispersion of matter grouping speed of various ranges. There have also been considered the basic assumptions occurring in the methods which aim at obtaining these data.One can assume that cosmological principles of both geometry and substratum are not the result of observations but they are independent philosophical assumptions which can be forged only indirectly, as a class of all models of the Universe based on the above principles.
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Stanisław Mazierski
Stanisław Mazierski
Zagadnienie kryteriow uznawania twierdzeń ogolnych za prawa przyrodnicze
Criteria of Acceptation the General Statements as Natural Laws
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In the present article the author tried to compare, analyze and critically evaluate some criteria which are decisive in assigning some general statements to natural truths. The problem is that some general statements are given the status of a law, some are not. The former group consists of sentences strictly nomological (laws), and the latter — of accidental sentences.In his attempt at answering the above question the author presented five main criteria which allow one to accept a given general statement as a general law. To these belong:1. Syntactical criteria, pertainig to the structure of nomological.2. Explanatory and projectible function of the laws.3. The confirmation of counterfactual conditionals by scientific laws.4. Belonging of nomological statements to the system.Having critically evaluated the separate criteria the author comes to the conclusion that the notion of scientific law is not precise, and all attempts at specifying the term adequatly are of arbitrary character. Among the important conditions which should be fulfilled by the general statements in order to regard them as natural laws are: (a) nomological statements are empirical sentences. They may also perform the function of term definition; (b) the statements should be theoretically unlimited. The limitation in the range of application does not logically come from the nomological statement itself; (c) scientific laws should confirm counter- factual conditionals; (d) the natural laws are components of a system of a physical theory.The list of conditions for the acceptations of general statements as laws is not and should not be closed.
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Michał Heller
Michał Heller
Kopernikowskie układy odniesienia w ogólnej teorii względności
Copernican Systems of Reference in General Relativity
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Is Copernicus heliocentric system of reference distinguished in General Relativity, as opposed to geocentric system of Ptolemy? V. A. Fock’s answer to this question is affirmative. According to him Special Relativity (Einstein’s space and time theory) contains more relativity than General Relativity does (Einstein’s theory of gravitation), as it deals with the spaces of greater symmetry. In General Relativity — relativity itself appears in a physically distinguished class of coordinate frames. This class consists of systems fulfilling the so-called harmonic condition together with some boundary conditions at infinity. They may be regarded as „Copernican systems”.In the article relativity is differentiated into:(a) relativity as a consequence of symmetry (kinematic relativity)(b) relativity as a result of the fact that certain quantity is regarded as dynamic variable.According to Fock only (a) relativity is true and that is the real source of misunderstandings. In the case of Relativity Theory symmetry may serve as a measure of relativity only if metric is rigid, what does not happen in General Relativity. Had in Riemann’s space existed such global coordinate frames in which (globally) the object of connection disappeared, they would had really been physically distinguished: in these systems the principle of equivalence would be valid not only locally. Such systems do not exist, however.The role of Copernican revolution in science does not lie in the distinction of heliocentric system, but in stressing the equality of rights of reference frames.
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Mieczysław Lubański
Mieczysław Lubański
Filozoficzne aspekty teorii informacji
Philosophical Aspects of Information Theory
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Information theory has provided us with enormously interesting and promising research fields which are very close to such sciences as physics, psychology, linguistics etc. As far as physics is concerned there have been obtained some interesting results pertaining to the problem of possibility of existence of faultless experiment as well as the problem of determinism. They are all the more interesting since their formulation is negative. Thus they seem to be finite and determined.As far as psychology is concerned there are many achievements to be mentioned, as for example constructing the communication process model, the proper measure of sentence complexity, constructing the model of brain, that is the positive solution to the problem of informational thought modelling. It should be stressed, however, that creative thinking still cannot be modelled. Except the above mentioned ways of application of information theory to various sciences, there should be noticed the results obtained in the information theory itself. It is now widely developed in its three following aspects, namely qualitative aspect, as well as quantitative and valued aspects. The most developed form there is that of the quantitative information theory.From the historical point of view it is strongly connected with the demand for the theory of this kind by technical sciences. Thanks to the results of the information theory it is easier to understand the sense of the idea of information. We can measure it as well as state the starting points to the discussion of philosophical character.
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Włodzimierz Sedlak
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Paleobiochemiczne problemy wczesnych stadiów życia
Paleobiochemical Problems of the Early Phases of Life
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Fossil organic compounds, called kerogen, together with rare morphological remnants of precambrian, interpreted as bacteria and algae, constitute the chemical and morphological complexes of the early phases of life on the earth. Both of them have not been solved.Chemical complex. The presence in kerogen of aminôacids, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, porphyrins in the light of in vitro synthesis (Miller, Calvin, Fox, Ponnamperuma), the presence of organic compounds in intergalactic space (Buhl), meteorite and lunar ground suggest that organic compounds are not endemic for the life on the earth. The ’’geochemical” synthesis in the process of diagenesis of sediments is not excluded. Alumosilicates quicken the processes in a certain pressure, temperature and geoelectrical potential. A reverse situation is also possible — organic compounds act as catalysts in the occurrence of kaolinite and montmorillonite (Harder) and crystallization of quartz in low temperature (Mackenzie). The binding of Na, K, Ca, Mg through amylopectin from starch has been stated. The author illustrated the paleobiochemical difficulties on the example of Cambrian kerogen of Góry Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross Mts.).Morphological complex. The oldest remnants in the structure ascribed to bacteria and algae are identified through an analogy with forms existent today. Coacervates, chondrites and lunar spherulites and silicates as well as graphite present in cosmic space (Wickramasinghe) present the main interpretatory difficulties for structural precambrian remnants, and also Cambrian ones (Fig. 1, 2, 9). However, huge resources of banded formations of haematite — quartzite of pre-Cambrian and stromatolites are explained as the mineral remnants of algae and bacteria metabolism. The author points to the necessity of differentiating the silicates of bacteria origin, Silicate bacteria discovered by Bassalik decompose the net of alumosilicates. Structural surfaces of Świętokrzyskie quarzite, interpreted as ’’traces of rain”, present some regularities and may have as their basis the action of bacteria, algae, and fungus in the silicate ground (Silverman). The author proposes to call such surface — Silicopsorodia derepens (Fig. 3).Not lesser difficulties appear in the case of the existence of several thousands of fossils of consedimental breccia in Łysa Góra (breccia dating from the middle Cambrian contained fauna of an older origin (Fig. 5, 6, 7, 8). Perhaps archeo- ciates are of concern. The explanation of the chemical and morphological complexes of the early precambrian may be done on the basis of the biochemical and biophysical relicts in the present nature of life.Biophysical and biochemical remnants. The first of them consists of Si-Ca relation evolutionally conditioned (Sedlak). ’’Admixture” metals like Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, V, nonorganic superferments and oxidoreductive are certainly the traces of chemical past of life still coming from nonorganic substratum, the trace included in organic compounds of protein type.Biophysical relicts may be discussed structurally or functionally. To the first group belong crystallochemical spaeial net of protein and nuclein acids correlated with the structural net of water and silicates (Jacobson). Through functional relicts we understand the optic activity and semiconduction of albumina, carbohydrates and nuclein acids (Sedlak). The last feature has been acquired by all the tissues of animals and plants in the course of evolution together with the piezoelectric effect. Electronic basis of the function described together with metabolism are typical of the earth. Biochemical and biophysical relicts provide evidence for nonorganic beginnings of life, then developing the two processes on the basis of organic compounds. These could have occurred earlier in abiotic synthesis. The examination of epitaxial conveying of optical action and samiconduction may constitute the proper basis for matrix conception. Paleobiochemical solvations should be looked for in paleophysics and its bioelectronic moments.
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Antoni Jerzy Czyżewski
Antoni Jerzy Czyżewski
Zagadnienie autonomiczności biologii (Część II)
The Question of Autonomy of Biology
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The thesis about the autonomy of science in life is gaining more and more followers. In reference to the formerly done analysis of reductionistic conception of biology, the author seeks some indirect evidence of the rightness of the criticism in the evolution of logical positivists’ view on the way of unification of scientific knowledge in Nature. He also suggests that the conception has been questioned not only from the methodological point, but also from the essential aspect (the merits). Further, in his discussion of the antireductionistic view on biology, he points to some difficulties connected with the present underdevelopment of theoretical conceptualizations in the science of life on the basis of a fully autonomic language. The author also presents some attempts at a sj^stematization specifying and giving sense (fully empirically solved) to enunciations expressed in this language. Having stated, moreover, that the conception of language autonomy, analyzed from the point of the evidence referred to it, the author offers a new classification of its aspects, pointing to and shortly describing vitalistic, ontologizing, epistemological and pragmatic conceptions of theoretical biology.
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Czesław Biedulski
Czesław Biedulski
Teleologiczna interpretacja przyrody u polskich neotomistów
Teleological Interpretation of Nature by Polish Neothomists
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The article aims at systematic presentation of Polish neothomists’ views on the problem of teleological interpretation of Nature.The criterion of division into the three views is a different understanding of metaphysical principle of theology: Omne agens agit propter finem.1. The principle pertains to all the beings which may be interpreted in terms of analogically and transcendentally understood notion of "acting”.2. The above principle may be applied only to a living and independently from the previously stated existence of God.3. The principle of teleology directly expresses only the rational action of man. Its application to nonhuman beings does not proove, but assumes the earlier and differently gained conviction about the existence of God the Creator, who leads these beings to their appropriate aim.
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Krystyna Szpanbruker
Krystyna Szpanbruker
Wpływ jonów metali ciężkich i światła na rośliny zielone:
Działanie chlorku rtęci na świetle i w ciemności na oddychanie i fotosyntezę Lemna perpusilla Torrey
The Influence of the Iones of Heavy Metals and of Light on Green Plants
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The research was made on Lemna perpusilla Torrey (species 6609). The analysis was performed on the influence of mercury iones upon breathing and photosynthesis of plants in the period of their direct acting in light and darkness and their consecutive acting in light. Gas exchange measurements were made by means of Zurzycki’s mifcrospirometr according to the method described by the author of the present article. It was found that mercury iones blocked photosynthesis apparatus as well as that of breathing, though the former was destroyed much quicker.Assimilative capacity of photosynthesis in plants (e.g. present in the concentration HgCl2 1X10-4M/1 disappears within one hour. Fast and simultaneous destruction of the synthesis apparatus in small and big plants from darkness kept in the concentration HgCl2 1X10-5M/1 and slowing down in breathing process in light have to be explained in terms of the increase of toxicity of mercury in light. The consequent phenomena are similar to photodynamic action. In the case of small, single-bodied plants present in light in the period of direct influence of mercury ions, it was observed that the destructive influence of mercury was lowered in consequence of the development of protective inner barriers in these plants.
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sprawozdania |
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Tadeusz Wojciechowski
Tadeusz Wojciechowski
Spór o teorie czasu
Der Streit um die Zeittheorien
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Im neulich erschienenen Buche Zeit und Existenz wurde die Theorie der Zeit als wesentliche Struktur der Dinge, als eine Erweiterung und Vertiefung der Zeitkonzeption von Renoirte dargestellt und der Version des assimilierenden Thomismus zugerechnet. Im vorliegenden Artikel unternimmt der Verfasser die Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Behauptung, indem er die Unterschiede, welche zwischen der Zeitkonzeption Renoirte’s und des Verfassers bestehen, betont.Renoirte, wie auch die Neuscholastiker allgemein, fasst die Zeit als Akzidens auf, während der Verfasser die Zeit als einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der materiellen Substanz annimmt. Eine solche Konzeption der Zeit widerspricht dem tho- mistischen Begriff des Wesens der Dinge und bringt eine andere, als die scholastische, Auffassung des Verhältnisses der Existenz zum Wesen der Dinge. Aus diesen Erwägungen schliesst der Verfasser, dass die Theorie der Zeit als wesentliche Struktur der Dinge eine neue und eigenartige Lösung des Zeitproblems darstellt, welche die Rahmen der thomistischen Zeitkonzeption überschreitet.
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Reprezentatywne ujęcia genezy ruchu
Representative Approach to Motion Genesis
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The aim of the article is a synthetical and critical presentation of various opinions on the genesis of motion as the starting point for the first way of St Thomas. Three views have been differentiated: essentialistic (I), existentialists (II), and scientific (III). The remarks in the article mainly deal with the essentialistic and scientific views. Representatives of the first view seem not to notice the difference between the order of philosophical analyses and the visions of cosmos contemporary to Aristotle and Thomas. Some statements of the representatives of the third view, on the other hand, are not acceptable from the point of view of natural sciences.
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Włodzimierz Sedlak, Zygmunt Hajduk
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Elementy kosmologii filozoficznej i przyrodniczej
Elementy kosmologii filozoficznej i przyrodniczej
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Mieczysław Lubański
Mieczysław Lubański
Tieorija sistiem i biołogija
Tieorija sistiem i biołogija
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschaftstheorie und analytischen Philosophie. Bd. 2: Theorie und Erfahrung
Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschaftstheorie und analytischen Philosophie. Bd. 2: Theorie und Erfahrung
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Die Philosophie Camaps
Die Philosophie Camaps
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Deutung des Begriffs physikalische Theorie und axiomatische Grundlegung der Hilbertraumstruktur der Quantenmechanik durch Hauptsatze des Messens
Deutung des Begriffs physikalische Theorie und axiomatische Grundlegung der Hilbertraumstruktur der Quantenmechanik durch Hauptsatze des Messens
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Mathematik, Logik und Erfahrung
Mathematik, Logik und Erfahrung
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Images from "Paleobiochemiczne problemy wczesnych stadiów życia"
Images from "Paleobiochemiczne problemy wczesnych stadiów życia"
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