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  • Issue: 1/2/3

Displaying: 1-20 of 45 documents


editorial
1. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Miguel Sánchez-Mazas Las Jornadas Internacionales de San Sebastián
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estudios
2. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Carlos E. Alchourron, Antonio A. Martino Lógica sin verdad
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1. EI dilema de Jørgensen. 2. La salución propuesta. 3. Breve historia de un prejudicio filosófico. 4. Normas sin lógica (o los precios ontológicos). 4.1. Imperativos sin lógica. 4.2. Normas y proposicienesnormativas. 4.3. Proposiciones normativas y normas verdaderas. 4.4. Mundos posibles. 4.5. Validez e invalidez. 4.6. La racionalidad del legislador. 5. La noción abstracta, sintáctica y semántica de consecuencia. 5.1. La noción abstracta de consecuencia. 5.2. La noción sintáctica de consecuencia. 5.3. La noción semántica de consecuencia. 5.4. EI sentido dado por las reglas de uso en un contexto. 5.5. Qué operadores para la lógica. 5.6. Solo en un contexto la parte cobra sentido. 6. La lógica deóntica. 7. De donde la solución del dilema interesa a toda la lógica. 8. Consecuendas para la informática.
3. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Georges Kalinowski Sur l’analogie entre le déontique et l’aléthique: Logique des normes, logique déontique et leur analogie avec la logique modale alethique
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Since Leibniz, the logic of norms is founded on the analogy between the deontic and the alethic. Nevertheless, von Wright, creator of the deontic logic -firstly logic of norms, afterwards logic of normative statements-, holds this analogy responsible for the misadventures of the deontic logic. Now it is not responsible, but only limited so that the miscarriages in question are imputable solely to the overstepping of its limits.
4. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Lorenzo Peña Un enfoque no-clásico de varias antinomias deónticas
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Three (apparent ) deontic antinomies are discussed: the paradoxes of the watchman and the praiser, as weIl as deontic dilemmas. A paraconsistent deontic logic, Ad, is put forward whose underlying 1st-order calculus is an infinite-valued tensorial logic. Several arguments are offered bearing out be existence of deontic contradictions, while two ways of dealing with conditional obligation paradoxes within the framework of Ad are canvassed. While the aggregation rule and the ought-implies-can principle are upheld, sundry schemata are shown not to obtain which involve iterated deontic operators (most conspicuously: that whatever ought to be obligatory is obligatory; and that it is obligatory that whatever ought to be the case should in fact be the case).
5. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Aulis Aarnio On Legal Reasoning as Practical Reasoning
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6. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Juan José Gil Cremades DeI paradigma deI “mal legislador” al paradigma deI “mal juez”
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7. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Hélène Bauer-Bernit Droit, langues et représentation des connaissances
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The connection between law, language and knowledge representation is evoked in its theoretical framework, in the light of recent developments in linguistics, philosophy, theory of law and congnitivescience on wich artificial intelligence is based. The conditions and limitations of the modelisation of law are examined. Conclusions are draw concerning the feasibility; usefulness and limitations of “trans-frontier” expert-systems.
8. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
François Paychere Sémiotique et Droit: Exercice de lecture
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Language and judicial activities are both signs of the existence of a society. There is, therefore, good reason for a dialogue between the science of language and the science of law. This article applies a linguistic theory of the Paris School (semiotics) to the examination of a legal text, namely a contract. The author points to some eIements shared by legal and other texts, and demonstrates how a semiotic interpretation can provide interesting and unexpected insights into the deeper levels of a legal text. He concludes that a similar approach could fruitfully be used with other types of legal text.
9. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Victoria Iturralde Elementos semántico-sintácticos de indeterminación de los enunciados normativos en el lenguaje legal.
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The aim of this paper is to account for the indeterminacy of legal texts brought about by the peculiarities of the language in which they are formulated. From the start, I asume that legal language is a special language, that is, it is an ordinary language with some specific semantical features. On this assumption, the semantical features of legal texts and the syntactycal ones are dealt with separately. In this account, however, I omit the pragmatical function of such language. Concerning the semantical features that give rise to indeterminacy, I deal on the one hand, with the problems raised from legal terms in general, and the other hand, with the problems raised from terms expressing deontic relations at their deep structure. To conclude, an analysis of ambiguity derived from the syntactycal structure of legal sentences is proposed, on the basis of several exampIes.
10. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Roberto José Vernengo Categorías teóricas en el lenguaje jurídico y su formalización
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Any formalization of legal texts requires not only a syntactical and semantical analysis, but also a pragmatical approach. There are some difficulties in the formalization of legal pragmatics. Legal theory acknowledges that legal languages are contaminated with value expressions and their ideological linguistic context. The theoretical categories introduced by legal scientist according to traditional, but also culturally variable criteria, are necessary for the construction of legal text (in their prescriptive version), but nearly always they are implicitly used and not explicitly mentioned. Kelsenian and Hohfeldian categories are exempIes of not equivalent classificatory criteria. The problem, for any attempted automated analysis of legal languages, is also how to introduce in the logical and algorithmic schemes used in computation, symbolic eIements taking into account those not explicit categorial-forms.
11. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Friedrich Lachmayer Identificaciones personales en Derecho
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A legal theory which merely describes legal norms is able to report about symptoms, not about structures and causes. Only if legal analysis is not exclusively focussed on the syntactical components of law, but also includes its semantical and pragmatical components, a comprehensive vision of law can be obtained. Personal identifications belong to the pragmatical components which in many aspects constitute subconscious prerequisites for the functioning of a legal system.
12. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Antonio A. Martino Sistemas expertos legales
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13. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Elio Fameli, Roberta Nannucci I sistemi esperti nel Diritto: strumenti e metodi di sviluppo
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14. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Layman E. Allen, Charles S. Saxon Automatic Generation of a Legal Expert System of a Section 7 (2) of the United Kingdom Data Protection Act 1984
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15. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Ronald Stamper, James Backhouse, Karl Althaus Expert Systems: Lawyers Beware!
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Two fundamental paradigms are in conflict. Expert systems are the creation of the artificial intelligence paradigm which presumes that an objective reality can be understood and controlled by an individual expert intelligence that can be replaced by machinery. The alternative paradigm assumes that reality is the subjective product of human beings striving to collaborate through shared norms and experiences, a process that can be assisted by but never replaced by computers. The first paradigm is appropriate in the domains of natural science and mathematics but dangerous in social sciencet business and, especially, the law. Expert systems are constructed on the basis of a number of metaphysical assumptions that are invalid in the legal domain. These assumptions are assimilated through a number ofcommonplace metaphors that guide the thoughts of the majority of people entering the computing field who are usually trained in first paradigm subjects such as mathematics and the natural science. This inappropriate paradigm hinders our progress in the field of computers and law. We need to adopt a socially orientated view of tbe nature of reality, of language, of meaning, of intelligence, and of reasoning. It will be easier then to build computer systems to facilitate social interactions in the legal domain and easier to understand why boxes that try to imitate legal expertise are intrinsically fraudulent.
16. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Costantino Ciampi LABEO: A Knowledge-Based Expert System for the “Animation” of Legal Texts
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17. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Guy Mazet Le multilinguisme juridique
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A foreign juridicial databank inquiry gives to difficulties not only with the linguistic problem of the translation but also with the comparison of the different law systems. So, it’s necessary to create a device able to resolve the collation of different juridicial systems specially when the files data retrieval is realised by a foreign user. These interfaces use specific connexion which allow an efficient documentary research and protect the integrity and the specificity of each national law systems.
18. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Miguel Sánchez-Mazas Invarianti numeriei internazionali per il confronto automatico -sincronieo e/o diacronieo- delle legislazioni: un modello matematico per il Diritto comparato
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Descrizione degli obbiettivi, le tecniche ed i primi risultati di una ricerca attualmente in corso all’Università del Paese Basco per applicare il metodo degli invarianti numerici delle classi di equivalenza -già applicato (si veda “Il programma Ars Judicandi”) sul piano di una legislazione nazionale- alla costruzione di un modello matematico per automatizzare le operazioni di analisi logica parallela, confronto e decisione su diverse legislazioni nazionaIi, simultaneamente iscritte nel quadro di una “rete deontica internazionale” che descrive per ciascuna di esse i rapporti validi fra le condizioni, i casi e le soluzioni giuridiche. Il modelle comprende: a) la traduzione in un Iinguaggio aritmetico di base esadecimale delle componenti, le operazioni e le relazioni di una base multinazionale di dati legislativi; b) la formulazione, sotto forma di algoritmi aritmetici, delle regole di utilizzazione della base di dati per gli obbiettivi, classici ed attuali, di analisi e di decisione deI Diritto Comparato e dell’armonizzazione ed integrazione sopranazionale di legisIazioni diverse.
19. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Manuel Atienza Teoría y técnica de la legislación
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20. Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1/2/3
Femando Galindo Ayuda Comprobaeión de la teoría de la justificación, con respecto a la relación dogmátiea-decisión jurídica, a traves deI uso de un “interfaz” de acceso automatico a documentaciónjurídica
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By the desiyn with the categories of the Doymatics and the “Theory of Law” of an interfase for legal information retrieval, it will verify the consistence of the theories of legal justification suggested by the Jurisprudence. The verification will be in the congruence of the use of automated legal documentation by judges and lawyers in continental countries in their practice.