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Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Potrzeby jako korelaty postawy religijnej
Needs as Correlatives of the Religious Attitude
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The present paper is an account of empirical research concerning the correlation of the system of needs with the centrality of the object of the religious attitude. The centrality of the object of the attitude is understood as a dimention pointing to the degree of psychological (cognitive, emotional-motivational) involvement of the subject in the object of the attitude. The object may be, according to its essence, more or less meaningful, important to particular persons; in other words, it may be psychologically more or less distant (or close). The notion of need has been taken after Murray (Murray, 1938, 123-4).The research was primarily concerned with achieving answers to the following questions: 1) whether high centrality associates with a specific system of needs; 2) what kind of needs correlate with the centrality of the ebject of the religious attitude; 3) what function the religious attitude plays: whether cognitive or rather transcognitive, that is emotional.The investigation of centrality was carried out by means of the Scale of attitudes of the auctor’s project. G. G. Stern’ Activities Index was used for the investigation of needs. 290 persons were examined and then divided into three groups: W — of high centrality, N — of low centrality, and S — of medium centrality. The separated groups were similar in kind: as regards education, social provenance, age and sex.The analysis of empirical data revealed high correlation between the centrality of the object of the religious attitude and the system of needs. Statistically significant interdependence was discovered in 15 (out of 30) needs.And so, the dominant needs in the structure of personality typical of group W appeared to be: Understanding (Und), Reflectiveness (Ref), Nurturanee (Nur), and Energy (Eny). Fer the representatives of group S, in turn, the most characteristic traits and dispositions seem to be those conneceted with the system of needs: Defen- dance (Dfd), Inf avoidance (Inf), Narcism (Nar) as well as the lowered intensity of needs of Reflectiveness (Ref) and Objectivity (Obj). Finally, the prominent quality of group N is a clear presence of needs: Objectivity (Obj), Dominance (Dorn), Impulsion (Imp), Rejection (Rej), Play (Play), Sex (Sex) and the lowered intensity of the need of Order (Ord).The religious attitude with the high centrality of its object performs a cognitive- -emotional function, whereas with the medium centrality (group S) it takes over chiefly the transcognitive function.
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Postawy i osobowość:
Zastosowanie sekwencyjnej analizy dyskryminacyjnej
Attitudes and Personality
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The study presented in the paper is a continuation of the study published in „Roczniki Filozoficzne” (Annals of Philosophy) vol. 21, fasc. 4, pp. 5-29. The new research was extended either in the number of samples and psychometric techniques and in statistical analyses. The author tries to answer the following questions:1) whether the three groups of persons exhibiting significant statistical differences in the measurement of their attitude towards religion (obtained by means of the test of G. W. Allport, P. E. Vernon and G. Lindzey Study of Values. A Scale for Measuring the Dominant Interests in Personality) differ also in basic factors of personality as measured by means R. B. Cattell’s The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and H. J. Eysenck’s Maudsley Personality Inventory, and subsequently:2) whether it is possible, having measured a set of personality traits of the three groups, to determine appropriate determinants, i.e. such a combination of traits which in turn would allow to identify, as a precisely as possible, each group, namely, the first (50 persons) with a high religious attitude, the second (50 persons) with a low one and the third (50 persons) — an intermediate which cannot be included in either of the previous ones. Thus, the presented comparisons were made between three pairs of group. The proper answer to the above stated questions is conditioned by a proper choice of statistical methods. This study employed one of the methods of searching traits, in statistics called the sequential discrimination analysis <01ekie- wicz 1962; 1966; Chlewiński 1973} which permits relatively effective differentiation between two populations. The method allows to find a diagnosis based not on one trait but on few traits simultaneously. The classical determination analysis, deviced by E. A. Fisher, is used for the determination of the optimum combination of traits from a whole set, so that the function differentiating two populations should be, as statisticians say, even better than the best discrimination based on one trait only. Combination of two or more traits of highest distinctive value is called "discriminant”. The classical discrimination analysis method is employed to calculate the discriminant from all the traits. It requires very large groups and many calculations before the final set of traits can be reached by moving back. Whereas, in the sequential discrimination analysis a more simple and economic method is employed. To execute it, a greater number of k traits is needed, out of which the sets of the best two traits are selectively selected, then three traits, etc., until further selection proves uneffective.Three groups differing from each other in religious attitude were singled out in the investigations. Basing on the measurement in the scale of religious values, in the first group (n=50) were included individuals with the highest and dominant religious attitude in comparison with all the other attitudes measured by means of Study of Values (X = 75,9; a = 4,54). The group was conventionally called the religious one (symbol: R). Basing on the analogous criterion the second group was selected (n=50), characterized by the lowest religious attitude as compared with all the other attitudes (X = 25,67; a = 6,83). The group was conventionally called the unreligious one (symbol: R). The third group was a set (n = 50) of persons who had not fulfilled the criterion on the grounds of which an individual was included in the R and R groups (X = 46,14; a = 9,07). The group was called an intermediate one (symbol: P). As regards sex, age and the level of education (higher) all the groups are approximately uniform (homogeneous).With the aid of two questionnaires, the scores of 18 traits were obtained from all three groups. The value of the linear discrimination function (g function) for all 18 traits in R—R group was g = 0,6515, in R—P group g = 0,3753, in R—P group g = 0,3377. Tables 2,6 and 9 show some statistical characteristics and discrimination traits of single properties for the comparison of groups R—R, R—P, and R—P, respectively. Tables 3, 7 and 10 show the values of discrimination functions of those twos which proved markedly statistically better than the best trait taken separately: of the threes better than the best two, of the fours better than the best three, of the fives better than the best four — again for each of the comparisons, respectively: R—R, R—P, and R—P. For better illustration, tables 4, 8, and 11 demonstrate the distributive sequence of discrimination power of particular traits taken separately (col. 1), of twos of traits (col. 2), of threes of traits (col. 3), of fours of traits (col. 4), and fives of traits (col. 5). Table 5 gives the figures and percentage of right and false classifications — for the comparisons of R and R, obtained by means of sequential analysis of twos of the best ones, twos, threes, fours and fives. It appears that the sequential discrimination analysis permits to make relatively accurate classifications of particular persons into appropriate groups. Section 5 contains more detailed characterization of psychological factors that differentiate particular groups.The present study on the one hand attempts to demonstrate the effectiveness of a statistical method applied to the problems of psychology, and on the other it throws some light on their merits.
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Czesław Walesa
Czesław Walesa
Rozwój zgodności przekonań wspołmałżonków
Uniformity of Views in Marriage
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The aim of the paper is to search for certain factors conditioning the uniformity of views of married partners. The main method was the author’s own questionnaire of agreement of convictions. The Berger Characterological Questionnaire was an auxiliary method. The investigation considered 250 couples whose duration of marriage and the degree of satisfaction with it varied. Every spouse filled the questionnaires of conformity of views thrice: 1) for oneself, 2) for the partner, and 3) for oneself in the role of the partner. Thus it was possible to measure various kinds of their actual and alleged convictions. The results showed that accordance of convictions grows fairly steadily with the duration of the marriage (p < 0,001), that the agreement is better with spouses satisfied rather than dissatisfied with their marriage (p < 0,001), and that it depends on the type of character of spouses. The uniformity of convictions declared by them was greater than the actual one (p<0,001), except for the divorcing couples. The alleged uniformity of partners’ convictions is greater among men than women. It depends also on the subject of dispute. Interpretation of the obtained results is based on the principles of marital interaction. Conclusions from the results include some suggestions concerning their practical utilization.
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Jozef Szopiński
Jozef Szopiński
Komunikacja interpersonalna w małżeństwie
Interpersonal Communication Within Marriage
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As a result of structural changes within marriage, the mental bonds of affection in it are becoming a problem of experimental research. The author views the mental bond in marriage as interaction between the partners within the spheres of mutual affection and understanding, and co-operation. Interpersonal communication affords possibilities for understanding within marriage, namely:1) Each act of behaviour in an interpersonal situation may convey something to the recipient. The best kind of communication consists of outward manifestation of the sender and of the acknowledgment of receipt by the recipient. For the initial sender the acknowledgment of receipt is simultaneously a criterion of how the information was received.2) Learning communication can be connected with the awareness of the following questions:a) what does it mean ”to communicate”?;b) what does the partner want to achieve by communication?;c) can the partner create an atmosphere favourable to communication?3) Factors that hinder communication may include:a) external conditions, e.g. work in diferent shifts,b) the atmosphere and situation at home,c) psychological factors narrowing the scope of communication, e.g. fear of losing the partner.4) Under the influence of learning interpersonal communication, the marriage becomes more and more satysfying. Interpersonal communication eliminates a false picture of the partner, makes it possible to accept the partner in his difference and distinctness, favours and effects the increase of more mature reactions and mutual attractiveness.Interpersonal communication can be a formative factor for the relationships both among family members and within society.
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Stanisława Tucholska
Stanisława Tucholska
Ekstrawersja i introwersja a zachowanie agresywne młodzieży
Extraversion and Introversion and Aggressive Behaviour of the Youth
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The investigation presented in the paper aims at grasping the interdependence between extroversion and introversion and aggressive behaviour of the youth. The material for the analysis consisted of the records of 98 investigated persons: 50 boys and 48 girls. The average of their age was 14,7.The Eysenck Personality Inventory served as a method of differentiating the individuals in respect of extro- and introversion. Three groups of investigated persons were distinguished: 1) with 30 extraversive individuals, 2) with 37 persons of mixed type, and 3) with 31 introverts. The groups were compared in respect of aggressive behaviour, measured with the test H-G Inventory of Buss and Diirkee.Analysis of the obtained results allowed to find statistically significant differences (counted by means of T Student test) among the distinguished groups in respect of particular kinds of aggressiveness. The extroverts more than introverts tend towards aggressive behaviour. Statistically significant differences concern the following kinds of aggressiveness: verbal aggression, indirect aggression, negativism, irritability, general aggressiveness, and physical aggression. While more direct modes of attacking an adversary are characteristic of the extroverts, reaction of passive aggression is an outstanding feature of the introverts. The results obtained from group 2, i.e. of mixed type, are close to the results of the extroversive group in the test of aggressiveness.
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Zenon Uchnast
Zenon Uchnast
Koncepcja smutku i depresji w psychologii egzystencjalnej
The Conceptions of Sadness and Depression in the Existential Psychology
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The description and explanation of psychological aspects of the existential conception of man as existing in the world is the object of particular interest of existential psychologists. It is to these important aspects of existential conception of man that the problems of sadness and depression belong. Taking the ”I”—world relationship as the basis for psychological analysis, the author attempts at presenting the "clinical picture” of sad and depressive man, but also points out the possibilities of explaining the genesis of these feelings and the dynamics of their development.Human existence is examined by the existential psychologists in its dynamic aspect, in the ability to go beyond the current ("actual”) state, to develop and become a fully-functioning personality. The dynamics of this self-direction reveals itself — inter other things — in the aspiration for differentiating and perfecting the forms of relationship with the world, creating the "world of meanings” of one’s own, realizing one’s potentialities to act in a free, rational, effective and social manner. The dynamics of man’s self-direction also is noticeable in how deeply he react to situations that restrict or block the chances of realizing his constructive potentialities. Intensity of sadness and depression greatly depends on experiencing frustration concerning the chances of maintaing and developing the proper ”I”—world relationships. Alienation from the world (from the experiences of the body, from psychological reactions, from personal relationships with others and with nature), denial of the existence of the world leads in turn to the restriction of the existential experience of the ”I” which can be experienced only as contacting with and aiming towards something. Thus, rejecting either element of the dichotomy of the experience ”I”—world, the individual loses the chances of functioning, proper to man, which can ensure the development of his personality.Thus, in the psychotherapy of the sad and depressive man, it would be suitable to make easier for him realizing and experiencing the sensory-emotional feelings determining his mode of existence, make him aware of possibilities of imposing meaning and sense upon these experiences. The individual, as he learns to accept the world of internal experience (Eigenwelt) should — during psychotherapy — also learn to accept the world of nature (Umwelt). Thus, by contact with a mature person, a psychotherapist, the sad individual learns to experience — in a mature way — the ”I”—world dichotomy, and to try, together with the therapeutist, to solve this antinomy on a higher level, ensuring to him fuller realization of creative potentialities of his personality.
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recenzje, materiały i sprawozdania |
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Czesław Walesa
Czesław Walesa
Adulthood and Aging: An Interdisciplinary, Developmental View
Adulthood and Aging: An Interdisciplinary, Developmental View
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Anna Hunca
Anna Hunca
Chomsky and Psychology. Psycholinguistics
Chomsky and Psychology. Psycholinguistics
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Zbigniew Zaleski
Zbigniew Zaleski
Race, Intelligence and Education
Race, Intelligence and Education
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Jerzy Strojnowski
Jerzy Strojnowski
Trening autogenny według J. H. Schulza. Wskazowki dla ćwiczących
Trening autogenny według J. H. Schulza. Wskazowki dla ćwiczących
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Zbigniew Zaleski
Zbigniew Zaleski
Niepokoj i stres:
Omowienie Międzynarodowej Konferencji Psychologow w Oslo (29 VI-3 V II1975)
Niepokoj i stres
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rozprawy |
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Stanisław Mazierski
Stanisław Mazierski
Geneza i rozwoj pojęcia prawa przyrody. L Prawa deterministyczne
Notion of Law of Nature: Origins and Development I. Deterministic Laws
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The author attempts to determine when and how man developed the notion of law, particularly law of nature, and present the evolution of the idea from the Greek antiquity to the present day He does not discuss every single stage of the notion development, selecting only more important ones.It seems that the idea of law of nature reached the human mind via two channels. One led through social and moral life, while the other followed observation of natural phenomena Initially, when the notions of order and regularity were just being shaped, the idea of law was confused with mythology and magic. Its final liberation from the influence of mythological elements occurred during the Renaissance, in the times of Galileo and Descartes.Deterministic vision of the universe expounded by Descartes was translated into mathematical terms by Newton, who formulated mechanics subsequently known as classical or Newtonian.Mechanistic conception of the universe was shaken first by the quantum theory, and then by the developments in biology as the discoverd micro-physical phenomena apperared to be governed by non-deterministic laws.
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Mieczysław Lubański
Mieczysław Lubański
Matematyka a rzeczywistość
Mathematics and Reality
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In philosophy of mathematics there are several attitudes concerning the essence and object of mathematics, the more important being as follows: 1) mathematics is the study of certain aspects of reality; 2) mathematics is the study of mathematical entities; 3) mathematics is the theory of deduction of theorems which follow from the assumed system of axioms; 4) mathematics is the study of linguistic systems. An outstanding Polish mathematician Hugo Steinhaus put forward an opinion according to which reality constitutes the object of mathematics. As there is not a thing alien to mathematics, it must be universal, The article provides the illustration of the thesis employing as examples the abstract notion of group and the idea of automaton. The former refers. to mathematics, the latter - to reality. The paper also discusses briefly the emerging problem of unity of science.
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Problem akceptacji hipotez u R. Carñapa
Acceptance of Hypotheses in Carnap
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The article aims at revealing those contexts of Carnap's works which more or less explicitly present the problem of rypothesis acceptance. It does not, however, attempt to question the opinions of either Carnap himself, or of his opponents. A few contexts have been selected which may seem typical of the discussed problem. 1) Characteristics of the acceptance relation including above all its propositional clause; 2) factors determining acceptance, i.e. degree of confirmation and informative content of hypotheses; .3)inductive inference and rules of acceptance as applied to the actual decision and scientopoieticprocedures; 4) Carnap’s attitude concerning cognitivistic and behaviouristic conception of science.
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Stanisław Kiczuk
Stanisław Kiczuk
Z. Zawirskiego koncepcja teorii fizykalnej na tle innych ujęć
Z. Zawirski’s Conception of Theory of Physic as Compared to other Formulations
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Following the analysis of selectected texts by Z. Zawirski, the article attempts to present his attitude concerning the deductive method characteristic of logic and mathematics. It also gives a cursory synthesis of Zawirski’s opinions on the object and proper method of physics. The article stresses the contemporary value of his thesis on the possibility of expressing the theory of empirical sciences through axiomatic system, and the related problems. It emphasizes the inadequacy of analyses examining the role particular groups óf mathematical terms play in the systems of physics. Considering the scarcity of philosophical literature devoted to the problem, the article attemts to discuss briefly the possibility of altering the most general assumptions which precede any scientific research. The issue was mentioned by Zawirski. Zawirski’s opinions are presented against other authors’ attitudes concerning the same problems.
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Włodzimierz Sedlak
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Dzieje rzeki Kamiennej
History of the River Kamienna
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The River Kamienna, the 156 km. long left tributary of the Vistula, is the subject of the present monograph. Hydrogeologically it gravitates towards the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, draining their northern part. Geologically older than the Vistula (35 million years), it used to flow south towards the Miocene sea in the times when the Carpathians were rising. In the Pliocene its upper course directed north making similar use of dislocations as the Vistula. In the Quaternary two glaciations reached up to the Kamienna and one moved beyond it. Man appeared on the Kamienna in the Palaeolithic (Middle Aurignacian and Upper Maglemosian cultures). A Neolithic flint mine is situated on the river. In its 2000 years long history it produced ca. 24 million tools, as estimated from the available material, and underground corridors, ca. 4 km. in lènght. This is the biggest Neolithic underground mine in Central Europe. Later, a big centre of ancient ferrous metallurgy evolved in the same area and in the Roman period (1st to 4th centuries) it reached the peak development using the haematite mine at Rudki. The mining and métallurgie centre on the Kamienna flourished once again, in the 19th century. A river of such a complex history must have formed a particular type of man.
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Krystyna Szpanbruker
Krystyna Szpanbruker
Wpływ zjawisk akustycznych na organizm
Influence of Acoustic Phenomena on the Organism
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All living organisms are sensitive to acoustic stimuli. According to sound intensity, i.e. the amount of acoustic energy reaching the organism, we differenciate positive and negative effects of sounds. The former activate physiological and biochemical processes, and'are employed in medicine, while the latter, causing disorders of metabolic processes may result in death. Although the effects of sound wave action were already recognized in the antiquity, the research on the problem has started in this century. It is due to the developing civilization which constantly produces new devices generating sounds of various strength. This confusion of sounds commonly described as noise, apart from checking the efficiency of human work, also brings about numerous physiological dysfunctions of every living organism.As contemporary man is supposed to solve numbers of extremely complex problems, he must be protected from noise, guaranteed full regeneration during the sleep and silence at work.
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Stanisław Zięba
Stanisław Zięba
Istota życia w monistycznych i pluralistycznych teoriach bytu
Essence of Life according to Monistic and Pluralistic Theories of Being
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Although numerous works on the philosophy of nature have appeared in this country, they deal with its epistemological and methodological status rather than more detailed problems of the philosophy of animate nature. The present paper takes up one of these issues, attempting to define the difference between the animate and inanimate Being. It examines two conceptions of the animate Being. The monistic conception concentrates on the content element of the animate Being which it considers the essence, while the pluralistic one stresses that the essence is connected with the substantial form. Both notions result from two different philosophical systems. Therefore the article does not contrast the attitudes, presenting arguments in favour of each. It seems, however, that objective reasoning justifies the pluralistic conception of Being. It should be remembered, though, that the paper is merely an introduction and not an exhaustive discussion of the problem.
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Józef Zon
Józef Zon
Wpływ naturalnego środowiska elektromagnetycznego na człowieka
The influence of natural electromagnetic environment on man: radio and ultra-low frequencies
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The purpose of the paper is to present the sources of electromagnetic radiation existing in environment which are not the effects of man’s civilising action, and their influence upon man. In the first part of the paper the natural sources of radiation, classified as geophysical and extraterrestrial sources, are shortly rewieved. Next examples of influence of natural electromagnetic radiation upon man are presented. The main problem of the thirdpart of paper is: how can radiation of such low intensity and extremly small quanta of energy influence a living system. In author’s opinion Sedlak’s concept of bioplasma provides a good basis for understanding of this influence: the physical plasma, which exists in the whole oiganism and in its regulating systems must receive all kind of signals of field nature.
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sprawozdania i recenzje |
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Stanisław Mazierski
Stanisław Mazierski
Stanowisko E.Gilsona wobec zagadnienia celowości
Stanowisko E.Gilsona wobec zagadnienia celowości
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