The author aimed at setting off two cognitive planes — phenomenalistic and ontological — in the field of anthropological research. In order to achieve the aim he presented various phenomenalistic approaches: extreme phenomenalism (E. Mach, K. Pearson, B. Russell, P. Bridman, H. Dingle). I. Kant’s priori phenomenalism, the positivism of the Vienna Circle (L. Wittgenstein, M. Schlick and others) and then he subjected various shapes of phenomenalism to a critical appraisal.The discussion leads the author to the conclusion, that all the types of anthropology as partial doctrines, empirical in character, cannot explain the structure and function of the „microcosm” constituted by man and his multitude of psychic and spiritual features.Hence there appears a need to construct a universal knowledge about man, i.e. philosophical anthropology grounded on the universal classical ontology, enriched with the additional notional apparatus useful in the realization of a programme put forward by the above mentioned branch of philosophy.

The question about the possibility of simulation of human thinking by means of a computer was first asked by the English logician and mathematician, A. M. Turing in 1951. Turing proposed a test whose task would be to decide if we can attribute the possibility of realization of significant features of human thinking to a computer. Turing’s test was based on behaviourist assumptions, thus implicitly putting thé problem on the grounds of a definite philosophical system.In 1959 A. Newell, H. Simon and J. C. Show worked out the program called GPS, which according to its authors’ intentions was supposed to be a model of human thinking. The essence of the GPS program was the possibility to do proper operations on symbols, by means of a finite set of transformations.In the field of artificial intelligence, under the notion of thinking the process of relating events to symbols and manipulating them by means of a finite set of transformations in understood.Mental attitudes of the authors of works on artificial intelligence are still completely under the influence of the 19th century positivism. The conception of creating general notions by man accepted there comes from Mach.When speaking about the possibility of simulation of human thinking by means of computers, one must realize the fact that what is meant here is a simulation of thinking in such a sense, in which thinking is understood by the positivists. However, since the positivists limit the whole philosophy to an analysis of the language, the whole computer-simulation of thinking is reduced to language operations, done by means of natural or artificial languages.

The task undertaken by the present paper is an analysis of the conception of scientific theories as well as a methodological, epistemological and heuristic appraisal of such theories with regard to their acceptance or rejection along with an attempt to point to the philosophical context of these problems. The problem of the connections between theories or superior units of the methodological analysis (so called supertheories) is considered only in the aspect of their relations with observational statements. Since the discussion on the problem dealt with in the paper is still topical in the popperian current, we have decided to relate the problem to some representative's of this trend, namely S. Toulmin, N. R. Hanson, K. R. Popper. Th. S. Kuhn. P. K. Feyerabend, I. Lakatos.

The author does not treat bioplasma just as a consequence of bioelectronics, but proposes a model for it. Between the metabolic and electronic processes in a living organism there exists a quantum-mechanic coupling. Both the processes take place in a highly energetic medium. The working mechanisms of a bio- electronic system can be explained with the help of the notion of bioplasma. The proposed plasma pump (fig. 1) translates the anabolic-catabolic rhythmicity of chemical processes into the corresponding rhythmicity of energetic plasma states (stabilization-degradation).The plasma pump is a transformer of chemical energy into the electromagnetic and mechanical energy and vice versa. The energetics of the system can be drawn up more deeply than in the chemical and molecular profiling, by taking into consideration the continuity of the reversible processes. Acceptance of the plasma picture helps to express the state of matter excitation, many-sided energetic transformation and self-excitation of the system. In resonance situations a sudden decrease of the dynamic dielectric constant is accompanied by an increase in the plasma own vibrations. Producing resonance situations in the process of evolution is one of the characteristics of life. A bio-plasmon could approximately correspond to a quantum of life. Bioplasma is a new approach to biological termodynamics without the need to take refuge in Schrödinger’s negentropy: it could also be a point of departure for quantum termodynamics not yet existing.The author puts forward suggestions for experimental verification of bioplasma: a) Bioplasma seems to differentiate between the gravitational mass and the inert mass. The gravitational mass partly compensated electrodynamically in plasma should decrease slightly after the vital functions stop, b) An analogy can be noticed between the degrading ladiaticn of a dying cell (Gurwicz) and the ’'death” of plasma in its degradation with the emission of recombinating radiation, c) Selective filtering of electrons with observation of the spectrum of energy loss of the energetic electrons resulting from inelastic scattering is in fact a test chaiacterizing solid state plasma (Egerton). An attempt for mitochondria was undertaken by Kihn. d) Calculating the density of bicplasma from the number of electrons 'involved up in cellular respiration (Zon).Bioplasmic model is justified not only in its foundations, but supplies empirical perspectives for investigation aiming at its verification as well.

From thé estimations comprised in the article follows that physical plasma can occur in living structures. The density of charge carriers and the value of the static dielectric constant are such, that the two basic conditions of the plasma state are satisfied: a) the value of Debye radius does not exceed the linear dimensions of such subcellular structures as mitochondria or cellular nuclei; b) the number of charge carriers contained in a sphere of Debey radius is large enough to enable the occurrence of collective interactions.In the paper the possibility of occurrence of non-degenerate and degenerate plasma in biostructures was also taken into consideration. Attention was paid as well to the particular importance of sufficiently high values of the static dielectric constant for realization of the plasma state in biostructures.