prace dedykowane profesorowi zygmuntowi hajdukowi sds |
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Między filozofią przyrody a filozofią nauki:
Zarys autobiogramu: studia, badania, dydaktyka, praca organizacyjna w Katolickim Uniwersytecie Lubelskim Jana Pawła II
Between Philosophy of Nature and Philosophy of Science
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Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
Bibliografia prac prof. dra hab. Zygmunta Hajduka
Rev. Prof. Zygmunt Hajduk’s Bibliography
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Dariusz Dąbek
Dariusz Dąbek
Czynnik empiryczny w kosmologii Edwarda Artura Milne’a
Empirical Factor in E.A. Milne’s Cosmology
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This paper presents the role of the empirical factor in E.A. Milne’s hypothetico-deductivist cosmology. Two contexts of the constructing of his theory are analysed: the context of discovery and the context of justification. It is shown that in the first one empirical data (recession of the galaxies and Hubble’s law) inspired him to investigate the cosmological problem of the phenomenon of the expanding Universe and influenced him to put forward the hypotheses: uniform velocities of fundamental particles, Cosmological Principle, and Lorentz transformation. Milne emphasised that in the procedure of justification the completed theoretical cosmological models should be tested. The empirical factor plays the most significant role in this procedure because the empirical data are the ultimate basis for confirmation or falsification of the cosmological models.
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Michał Heller, Janusz Mączka
Michał Heller
Początki filozofii przyrody w Ośrodku Badań Interdyscyplinarnych w Krakowie
Beginnings of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Cracow
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We present a short account of the early history of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Cracow. These beginnings go back to the inter-war period when the tradition was established of close interactions between philosophers and scientists, especially physicists (Smoluchowski, Natanson). In the post-war period, under the communist regime, this tradition was continued at the Theological Institute (later the Pontifical Academy of Theology) in Cracow, erected by Cardinal Wojtyła, the then archbishop of Cracow, after the Theological Faculty had been removed from the Jagiellonian University by the communists. The collaboration of the Cracow Center with the Catholic University of Lublin and with the Warsaw Academy of Theology is briefly described, and the style of philosophy in Cracow presented.
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Kazimierz Jodkowski
Kazimierz Jodkowski
Antynaturalizm teorii inteligentnego projektu
The Anti-naturalism of Intelligent Design Theory
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It is commonly known that the theory of intelligent design is anti-naturalistic. The antinaturalism of this theory is usually interpreted as a methodological or metaphysical one. In other words, the theory of intelligent design is considered as a kind of creationism (“creationism in a cheap tuxedo”) and is also often named “neo-creationism.” In the paper I am arguing that this qualification is wrong and is implied by assuming an inappropriate sense of the ambiguous term “naturalism”.
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Honorata Korpikiewicz
Honorata Korpikiewicz
Kosmoekologia:
człowiek w kosmicznym środowisku
Cosmoecology
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The author briefly summarises her considerations on the area of cosmoecology that she is developing. Therefore she has indicated the most important influences of the cosmic environment on the earthly life, a fact justifies by the hypothesis of Gaia-Uranos. She has also shortly discussed what features there must have characterised the cosmic environment so that in a place of the Universe life could begin and evolve. The problem of physical parameters of the cosmic environment necessary for life to come to existence has been noticed for ages. It culminated in the anthropic principle. Here I mention the most general features in Aristotle’s understanding of the category of being which the cosmic environment had to possess: harmony, diversity, imbalance, and rhythm of phenomena.
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Tadeusz Kwiatkowski
Tadeusz Kwiatkowski
W sprawie pojęcia logiki klasycznej
On the Concept of Classical Logic
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The subject matter of our considerations here is the concept of classical logic. The author begins with a brief etymological reflection and a presentation of some views ancient philosophers had (from Heraclitus to Plato) and inspired Aristotle’s and stoic discussion of logic. They brought about the first systems of formal logic and rich outlines of other branches of logic in their broad understanding, such as the methodology of sciences and semiotics. Aristotle’s logical discoveries (mainly syllogistic logic of assertoric propositions, syllogistic logic of modal propositions, and theory of scientific proof), and stoics’ discoveries (logic of propositions and semiotics) are the first, highly advanced approaches to classical logic. The later history of logic consisted mainly in the reception of those ancient achievements, or in their semantic enrichment.
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Anna Latawiec
Anna Latawiec
Świat wirtualny jako nowy przedmiot filozofii przyrody
Virtual World as a New Subject of Philosophy of Nature
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Fast and intensive development of natural science (especially quantitative physics) and computer science make us think about the philosophy of nature. In this article we would like to show that a new subject of the philosophy of nature is the virtual world. The first step was to analyse some words like the following: virtuality, potentiality, reality. In this context we propose a definition of the virtual world as a real view created or reconstructed by intellectual or technical simulation. The next step was analyzed the objects and levels of virtual world. We emphasise the technical-communicational level and computer technology associated with it (the Internet, chat, blog, virtual shops); the second level is the biological level which is connected with the objects produced by the brain (thinking, imagination, research projects); the third level is the theoretical level with the virtual elements. On the ground of this classification we have shown that the virtual world and the objects are not homogeneous. The last part of this paper presents the beginning of the virtual world (creation or reconstruction in the intellectual and technical simulation).Our analyses are connected with Plato and his idealism, Aristotle and his realism, and Popper’s/Penrose’s proposition.
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Anna Lemańska
Anna Lemańska
Filozofia przyrody a filozofia Boga
The Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of God
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The issues from the domain of the philosophy of nature such as non-necessity of beings, finality in nature, the beginning of the universe, life, human being; and causality in nature call for the existence of a transcendent reality or the absolute being – God. God is a factor which makes the material reality rational. The problem of the existence of God and His relation to the material world is discussed in the philosophy of God. Therefore the philosophy of God is the fulfilment of the philosophy of nature. On the other hand the philosophy of nature can provide some arguments for the existence of God. In this way the philosophy of nature and the philosophy of God are complementary to each another.
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Julisław Łukomski
Julisław Łukomski
Związek filozofii przyrody z naukami przyrodniczymi w ujęciu ks. Zygmunta Hajduka
A Relationship between the Philosophy of Nature and Natural Science according to Rev. Zygmunt Hajduk
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Philosophy of nature as “a science in the beginning,” having paved a way for natural sciences, has not lost its impact even today. It suggests new problems and proposes solutions in the domains which the scientific disciplines in question cannot solve because they do not have appropriate tools.One can notice the relationship between the philosophy of nature and natural sciences in various stages of their development.It happens so that the overall images of the world are constructed on the basis of the results of natural sciences and philosophical theses. Those theses, i.e. philosophical ideas are introduced as presuppositions into natural sciences, which in turn may generate philosophical problems. One can observe a relationship between natural sciences and various types of the philosophy of nature from the ancient times till today.The classical tradition had ignored the factor of time in the manners it sought to explain nature and, instead, stressed formal elements in knowledge. This conception of the scientific explanation of nature was questioned by the idea of creation and the Christian conception of history which took the factor of time into account in explanations. The principal change of the hitherto manner of interpretation of phenomena had taken place at the moment of introducing evolutionary ideas into geology and biology. Owing to this genetic explanation appeared, and the conceptual apparatus of the hitherto systems of the philosophy of nature changed.On the grounds of the essentialising approaches the elements of the philosophy of nature are mixed with the elements of natural sciences.One can notice also a relationship between the existential approaches of the philosophy of nature and natural sciences.Much attention is devoted to the relations between natural sciences and the philosophy of nature on the grounds of classical philosophy and in the non-classical positions.
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Alina Motycka
Alina Motycka
Rozważania dotyczące statusu teorii naukowej
On the Status of Scientific Theory
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The status of scientific theory is determined by a philosophical conception of science. The article seeks to present the different status of scientific theory in a comparative analysis of philosophical conceptions of science (inductivism, hypothetism, paradigmatism and intuitionistic conception of science).
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Jan Pleszczyński
Jan Pleszczyński
Ewolucyjna teoria poznania a kognitywistyka
Evolutionary Epistemology and Cognitive Sciences
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In this article I am dealing mainly with the following notions: “perception apparatus” (Weltbildapparat), “view of the world” (Weltbild, picture of the world) and “representation”. The first and the second ones belong to the basic notions in the vocabulary of K. Lorenz’s evolutionary epistemology, the third in cognitive sciences. I seek to demonstrate the relationships between them. This analysis is put in a broader context, indicating the relationships between expensively developing cognitive sciences and evolutionary epistemology (much less popular today).It is quite easy to determine what the perception apparatus is, however, it is harder to state what the view of the world, especially in its ontological aspect, is. Nevertheless, the view of the representation in the context of evolutionary epistemology points to the fact that this notion is still unclear and many representational features can be assigned to objects which, as it seems, are not representations according to cognitive sciences.
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Tomasz Rzepiński
Tomasz Rzepiński
Formułowanie problemów badawczych w nauce a uteoretyzowanie danych doświadczenia
Formulation of Scientific Problems and Theoretization of Empirical Data
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The purpose of the present article is to propose a research project which will analyse the issue of theoretization of empirical data which takes place in the process of formulating scientific problems. J. Hintikka’s interrogative model of inquiry will serve us as a starting point for our considerations. First, his proposal of viewing the theory-dependence of facts will be characterized. Then, with reference to the results of K. Jodkowski, three interpretations of theoryladen thesis will be given: a radical, a modest and a weak one. This will render it possible to further develop a critique of certain aspects of Hintikka’s conception. Subsequently, the critique will provide a basis for presenting a new way of viewing theory-dependence of empirical data. Some considerations regarding a possible use of the received conceptual scheme for analyzing certain problems of philosophy of science will close the article. A possibility of analyzing such classical problems as falsification and the use of the principle of auto-determinacy in science will also be offered. Lastly, with reference to A. Grobler’s analyses, a possibility of representing a process of rejecting metaphysical presuppositions in science will be considered.
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Jan Such
Jan Such
Miejsce teorii względności w obszarze wiedzy ludzkiej
The Place of the Theory of Relativity in the Area of Human Knowledge
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The paper has outlined a broad perspective of references for the (particular and general) theory of relativity to various domains of human knowledge and to technique. These references are presented both in their current and historical dimension. The following issues are discussed: 1) the place of the theory of relativity in the development of physics and cosmology, 2) its contribution to the development of mathematics, 3) the significance of the theory of relativity in the development of technique, and 4) the role of the theory of relativity in the development of philosophy.The theory of relativity is – aside to quantum mechanics – one of the two basic paradigms (relativistic paradigm) of contemporary physics. Likewise it plays a fundamental role in further development of physics, astronomy and cosmology, contributing at the same time to the development of mathematics and philosophy.The author indicates that it is groundless to refer to the theory of relativity in the efforts to relativise and subjectivise cognitive and axiological questions. The theory of relativity does not relativise all its concepts of magnitudes, but it even confers the absolute status on certain magnitudes, which have been deemed relative before.
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Marek Szydłowski, Jacek Golbiak
Marek Szydłowski
Filozoficzny wybór między zasadą indyferentyzmu a zasadą szczególnego dostrojenia
Philosophical Choice between Indifference Principle and Fine-Tuning Principle
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We formulate a cosmogonic indifference principle in cosmology in terms of a dynamical system theory. While the choice between generic and fine tuned initial condition for our Universe has a rather philosophical character, there is a very generic set of initial conditions which give rise to the concordance inflectional ΛCDM model which becomes in good agreement with astronomical observations.
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Michał Tempczyk
Michał Tempczyk
Czy Bóg jest matematykiem?
Is God a Mathematician?
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Scientists, when they want to understand properties of complex systems, they divide them into simple parts and – knowing the parts and their relations – reconstruct the whole. This approach is effective in the case of simple systems: atomic nuclei, atoms, chemical compounds, stars and so on. In biology it is supplemented by the theory of evolution. However the situation is hopeless when one wants to explain the astonishing properties of the Universe generally known as Anthropic Principle. Discussing that problem, philosophers use the metaphor of God as a Mathematician. The aim of the paper is to prove the inadequacy of this metaphor.
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Józef Turek
Józef Turek
Wyjaśnianie antropiczne w kosmologii
Anthropic Explanation in Cosmology
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The main purpose of this article is to present the essence and the role of anthropic explanation in cosmology. This explanation was proposed during the time when there was no further possibility of finding the explanation of cosmic coincidences on the ground of contemporary scientific theories. This explanation relies on the recognition of the fact of the existence of a carbon life in the Universe as a factor which explains the Universe’s global characteristics, which are a requisite for appearance of life. The explanatory value of this explanation depends on the character of relations of the connections between the cosmic coincidences and the fact of the existence of life. In the case of the Weak Anthropic Principle this explanation has a character of simple tautology. In the case of the Strong Anthropic Principle, however, it is a philosophical explanation, whose cognitive value depends on both: the correctness of these principles and their logico-mathematical coherence with the cosmic coincidences.
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Jan Woleński
Jan Woleński
Metalogika i teorie empiryczne
Metalogic and Empirical Theories
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Metalogic (as a part of metamathematics) deals with the properties of formalised mathematical theories. Its applicability to empirical theories is an object of debate. The paper defends the moderate view that although it is difficult to expect such spectacular results, as have been obtained on mathematical theories, nevertheless the metalogical analysis of the first two gives us some benefits. Empirical theories may be understood as axiomatised sets of propositions closed with the operation of logical consequence. Two questions illustrate the thesis of this paper, namely the question of the elimination of theoretical terms and the question of the so-called philosophical presuppositions of science. As regards the second problem, a negative thesis is defended here: science is not based on philosophical presuppositions as premises of scientific reasonings.
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Paweł Zeidler
Paweł Zeidler
Miejsce filozofii chemii w filozofii przyrodoznawstwa
The Position of Philosophy of Chemistry in Philosophy of Natural Sciences
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The paper is focused on the role of philosophy of chemistry in the philosophy of natural sciences. The author claims that chemistry is a paradigmatic example of laboratory science in Ian Hacking’s sense. Therefore a philosophical and methodological analysis of chemistry can change or modify several theses of the philosophy of natural sciences. Some of them are as follows: the stability of laboratory science; the primacy of experimental practice over the theoretical one in chemistry; the problem of the reduction of chemistry to physics; the influence of scientific instruments on the growth of chemical knowledge; the problem of the empirical criteria of the existence of theoretical entities; the role of theoretical models and theoretical modelling in laboratory sciences; the problem of using the principle of inter-subjective testability in chemistry; the semiotic peculiarities of chemistry.
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Józef Życiński
Józef Życiński
Ontologia Platona a ewolucja kosmiczna
Plato’s Ontology and Cosmic Evolution
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Abstract mathematical formulae are our “mother tongue”, thanks to which we are able to develop a creative dialogue with our physical environment. The application of the language of mathematics gives us access to valuable information about events which occurred billions years ago and so allows us to reconstruct the history of the universe. This amazing property of nature inspires a non-trivial philosophical question: Why are there the mathematically described universal laws of physics at all, when nature could have been only an uncoordinated disorder?The existence of the universal laws of nature seems to constitute the essence of the ontological structure of the world. Various authors call this basic field of formal structures – the matrix of the universe, the field of rationality, the formal field, the Logos, the Absolute, etc. Jan Łukasiewicz, the well-known representative of the Polish School of Logic, argued that the reality of ideal mathematical structures independent of human experience could be regarded as an expression of God’s presence in nature. Regardless of our terminological preferences, this structure can be regarded as a basic level of physical reality where the necessitarian interpretation of the laws of nature is confirmed and the astonishing effectiveness of mathematics could be explained.
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