P. Chauchard is the representative of the opinion that the problems concerning consciousness, involved in various inaccurate interpretations, can now be scientifically and objectively justified in terms of neuropsychological criteria. On their basis one can distinguish several stages of consciousness within the sphere of human psyche, which are strictly connected with structural and functional capacity of human brain. According to P. Chauchard there are following stages of consciousness : bioconsciousness, neuroconsciousness, state of vigilance, attentive consciousness and cogitative consciousness.Bioconsciousness is the result of a complex somatic-psychic integration conditioned mainly by coordinative function of hypothalamus. To some extent bioconsciousness is dominant with regard to instinctive-emotional life of an individual.Neuroconsciousness is conditioned by the structure of rhineuphalon. Its function makes it possible for an individual to exist in itself as it helps to perceive the existence which is connected with the individual state of affectation. The state of vigilance is a result of activation in superior structures of the brain, in what partially noetic brain. This is the stage in which sensory and motoric consciousness appears. The „ego” is a factor essential for the occurance of the superior stages of a full consciousness. Due to „ego” consciousness is connected with the state of attention which is conditioned not only by centres that regulate the brain, but mainly by the selective processes of attention. These processes give rise to the state of over-vigilance increasing the intensity of some definite structures of „vigilant cortex”. The highest degree of human consciousness is the reflective consciousness, or, in other words, the consciousness of consciousness. This particular consciousness is conditioned by the complexity of human being. The process of verbalization plays a very important role in the creation of of this consciousness, which, being a synthesis of all the previous stages, enables the individual to be self-controlled, and at the same time it constitutes a complete human personality.

The aim of the examination was to answer the question how the people with permanent and non-permanent contacts with the liturgical-religious group (the persons who take part in liturgical services reveal themselves in terms of dimensions of personality. 150 persons of permanent contact (1) aged from 19 to 27, and 100 persons of non-permanent contact (2) aged from 18 to 26 were all tested according to H. J. Eysenck’s with Maudsley Personality Inventory adapted in Poland by M. Choynowski), with the aim of examining two basic dimensions: neuroticism-stability (N), and extraversion-introversion (E). The results were as follows:MN1 = 20,8 σN1 = 9,5 MN2 = 30,4 σN2 = 10,9 ME1=29,0 σE1=9,0 ME2 —26,5 σE2 = 8,3Thus, it is obvious that the persons of non-permanent contact with the religious-liturgical group are characterized as more emotional (neurotic) than those of permanent contact. This conclusion refers a fortiori to the other social groups (nonreligious) since other investigations have shown, correlates with that neuroticism the positive religious attitude.These who were tested within the experimental group of permanent contact are more extraverted than those from the other group and, therefore, the permanent contact with the religious-liturgical group seems to be a trait of extraverts and not introverts in spite of the fact that stability and endurance are connected with introversion.The results of the test refer directly to the religious-liturgical groups, and therefore, the conclusions extended to other social groups require empirical verification.

The paper aims at 1) measurement the level of general intelligence of all children from Kar- manowice in order to find out if there are any cases of mental deficiency or any partial dysfunction which would require cure or some psychological and educational training; 2) the disclosure of possible deviation on the level of perception or visual-motor coordination, organic changes in the brain and emotional disturbances measured with Bender-Koppitz Test; 3) the measurement of possible differences which may appear in some personality traits in the case of town and village children in the age ranging from 8 to 12. The paper is also intended to find out if there are any cases of neurosis, or character disorders or other deviations among the examined children.In order to measure the intelligence according to the age of a given child, one of the three following methods has been used : Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1937), and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Perception and visual-motor coordination was measured by Visual Motor Gestalt Test. Some personality traits of the children (8-12) were tested according to R. B. Porter’s and R. B. Cattell’s Children's Personality Questionnaires.117 children from Karmanowice (4 months to 15 years old) were examined. They were compared with a few groups of country and town children. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the detailed statistic analysis :1. There were not any case of mental deficiency among the whole population of children in Karmanowice. In the light of the accepted classification based upon the standard deviation 8.55 per cent of children have reached the level of intellectual abilities above the average, 80.35 per cent — average, and 11.1 per cent showed borderline.2. Among 68 children — 20.6 per cent appeared to have various degrees of partial dysfunctions especially in the sphere of concepts and language, or visual-spatial coordination or visual analysis and synthesis. These dysfunctions appear among the children whose intellectual capacity is more or less average (in borderline).3. According to the investigations the children from Karmanowice are not very much different from their equals whose parents have received similar education, but live in small towns or villages situated in the nighbourhood of the great towns.4. The Bender-Koppitz Test of 47 children in the age ranging from 4 to 10 proved that 91.5 per cent children do not exemplify the abberation as far as the perception and visual-motor coordination are concerned. 8.5 per cent of children require additional psychological and educational training.5. The girls from Karmanowice (8-12) are different from their equals from towns only because of the Low Ergic tension (Q4—in Personality Questionnaire), whereas the boys from Karmanowice are different from the town boys because of E+ (—Dominance). The careful clinical analysis of profiles proved that only two boys (out of 35) have some (behaviour disorder). No typical neurotic profile was discovered, but 14 per cent of children reveal increased motorial impulsiveness. It is convergent with the results of the Bender-Koppitz Test.

The present article aims at a presentation of attempts to overcome the main difficulties in agreement between the stability of the character on one hand, and its changeability on the other. This attempt has been viewed from different points represented by the three followers of the so-called „Le Senne's School”: R. Le Senne, G. Berger, and R. Mucchielli. Each of them tries to reconcile these two features as they exemplify certain evolution towards more dynamic and plastic view of the character.The interpretation proposed by R. Mucchielli seems most adequate and suitable, for, according to him, the character is understood as virtually dynamic and structurally organized psychomatic disposition of an individual.

The aim of the present poper is the presentation of basic information concerning the three mathematical models (most recent in psychological literature) the function of which is the concept identification. They are:1. The model of conditioning and adaptation (L.E. Bourne and F. Restle).2. The model of selection and strategy (F. Restle).3. The model of selecting hypotheses and conditioning (G.H. Bower and T. Trabasso).Only the basic assumptions of models were discussed in this article which is only a fragment of a larger work, the subject of which is the empirical verification of these models.

The article presents the results of various tests concerning the development of decision processes within children from primary schools. The examination consisted of three experiments. The first experiment was referred to taking a decision in the situation of risk with the aim of testing the processes of anticipation of possible events as well as the processes of choice of accurate stakes connected with these events.The second experiment was intended to be the examination of processes concerning transformation of signals into plausible information, on the basis of which the children (those tested in the second experiment) were told to take a decision concerning a final diagnosis of the situation.The last experiment was to show the transformation of signals into definite information leading to a certain final diagnosis.The experiments mentioned above were meant as preparatory investigation of the problems concerning the development of the decision processes. According to the analysis of the findings several responses were revealed, all of them characteristic of particular stages of development. Moreover, a series of hypotheses were framed. Further examination is intended to be their verification.

The children of primary school were asked to show the arrangement of various events on the two-coloured disk with different proportion of the green and blue fields. The test has revealed the three stages in the development of appreciating the probability of perceptively legible events :1. Deterministic-mechanistic (up till Standard 3-rd class)2. Purely deterministic (up till Standard 6-rd class)3. Indeterministic (in the last two).It has also been found out that the children in Standard 1-rd class show their growing readiness to comprehend the probability of simple and legible events with all mathematical features of evaluation. The evaluation of subjective probability provided by the informants, revealed the deviation suitable to the principle of cognitive conservatism.

Assuming that the flow of information occurs between the elements of the system of communication, an attempt has been made to interpret the relation between the source of signals and decision maker. The interpretation aimed to prove that the dynamic quality of the information process in the situations of decision depends upon the features of communication system. According to the relation mentioned above decision maker was regarded as a system of receiving the information, which consists of two parts :1. Perception of signals2. Transformation of signals into information.As stated, communication which refers to the relation between the source of signals and decision maker turns to be a compound relation, and as such, it is the subclass product of Cartesian collection of signals which can be emitted by the source, or, which can be received by decision maker in a given situation. The orderly pairs of such signals which were really emitted from the source and were received by are all an element of this subclass. The signals are only the material carriers of information and, therefore, the relation of communication is the relative product of reducing the information to a signal and, conversly of transforming the signal into information. Thus, the interrelation between the source of signal and decision maker is the subclass product of Cartesian collection of information which can be emitted from the source by means of signals, or which can be received by decision maker by means of transformation of signals. The sphere of this relation is the information emitted from the source, whereas the opposite sphere comprises the information received by decision maker.The function of coding and decoding system is based upon the rules which subordinate information to a signal and vice versa. These rules are infallible so long as the relation between the emitted signal and the source is deterministic. But when the information is probabilistic (plausible) the character of the rules tends to be deceptive. In the former case the result of transforming the signal into the information is the infallible information. As for the latter — transformation is based only upon the law of averages. In psychological terms, the essence of transformation is the process of decisions whose aim is the choice of such source, which, according to decision maker is the cause of emitting the received signal. His decision is put on the subjective conviction that the state of the source is the most plausible cause of emitting this particular signal. Before the definite state of the source is attributed to the received signal decision maker subjectively disintegrates plausibility of the states of the sources. This disintegration lies in the subjective evaluation of plausibility concerning particular states of the source, as the hypothetical cause of emitting the received signal.In the present article only a few aspects concerning the problems of the system of relation : the source of the signals — decision maker were suggested. The aim of the analyses was the perfunctory review of the basic features of that system. The dependence of communicative relation upon the characteristic features of its constituents was stressed in the article, together with the significance of self-activeness of the subject within the structure of communication system in the situation of decision.