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1. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Maria Luísa Ribeiro Ferreira Abertura
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2. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
José de Almeida Pereira Arêdes Ética e Consciência
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This reflection on ethics has starting point problem: the authenticity. What does one understand by authenticity in human life? Will not authenticity be a beautiful dream, a wandering of philosophers? Our everyday experience fully shows the use of the mask. So, we can ask ourselves: 1) Why should it be otherwise? 2) Could it be otherwise? 3) Which means should one use so that it is otherwise? There seem to exist in nature and history three forces in continuous fight: 1st) the ones that cause the misfortune that now we experience. 2nd) the ones that impel us to refuse the misfortune, that is, the ones that motivate us in search of happiness. The 3rd is, perhaps, our voluntary and conscious contribution to awakening. So our problem is not - what must I do?, but - how must I be? The difference has to do with the basic difference between morality and ethics and has roots in our history. My proposal suggests that it is not enough that we dream or desire to act well to actually act well. It is necessary that we have knowledge (of ourselves and the others) and that we have power, mainly on ourselves. However, our experience shows how fragile is the knowledge that we possess of ourselves (and so refusing the well-known socratic invitation “know thyself") and how fragile is that power, because we are constantly carried along by what we do not want to do (and so we ignore Lao Dzi’s lesson “the one that wins the others is strong; but the one that wins himself is really powerful"). But there is more: though we do what we want, who is it in ourselves that wants what we want? Thus, a practical inquiry on ourselves seems primordial in order to verify which forces act in us and, eventually, to start trying to understand them and to guide them in a more beneficial direction for all the community of living beings of the planet that we inhabit together. Being so, ethics is not only a set of theoretical principles, but over all a set of exercises, guided by a knowledge, that could be able to lead us to a different way of being.
3. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
João Paulo Monteiro Realismo Semântico e Consciência do Momento
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An article by Moulines presents an interesting argument against semantic realism, using Calderôn’s play La Vida en Sueño as a literary device to develop his point. He introduces in the play a new character, a realist philosopher who tries to persuade Prince Segismund to abandon the anti-realist position he maintains, after the experience he undergoes in the play. I introduce a second imaginary realist, who argues for conjectural realism instead of the semantic variety, by means of several sceptical arguments intended to defeat scepticism itself, throwing it in the same boat as anti-realist solipsism.
4. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Sônia T. Felipe Natureza e Moralidade. Igualdade Antropomórfica, Antropocêntrica, ou Ética?
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La tradition hébraïque, la philosophie d’Aristote, l’impérialisme romain et le christianisme qui les synthétise, ont comme thèse, non seulement la distinction mais la supériorité de la nature humaine face aux autres espèces vivantes. La raison ou la capacité de raisonnement, la conscience et le langage sont des attributs exclusifs de l’espèce humaine, affirment les philosophes moralistes traditionnels. Tous ceux qui les possèdent sont égaux. Les autres êtres, destitués de ces attributs spécifiques, sont différents. Cette différence biologique responsable de cette distinction justifie tous les abus et même la destruction des animaux au profit exclusif des humains. Au XVII siècle la théorie mécaniciste de la nature des organismes vivants, appliquée par Descartes aux animaux, a corroboré l’héritage moral judéo-chrétien. Cet article présente d’abord la thèse de Descartes sur la quelle la philosophie morale traditionnelle se bâtit; en deuxième place vient la reconstitution des arguments conservateurs directe ou indirectement dérivés de cette tradition. Finalement il montre les risques et les limites de l’adoption de ces arguments en ce qui concerne la morale contemporaine, affectant non seulement les intérêts des animaux mais aussi ceux des sujets humains non paradigmatiques.
5. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Ricardo Santos O Que é o Monismo Anómalo?
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The aim of this paper is to present, in a clear and accessible way, Donald Davidson’s anomalous monism. I stress that what distinguishes Davidson’s monism from other identity theories of the mind is the conjunction of an identity thesis (viz. every mental event is a physical event) with an anti-reductionist argument, according to which there are no strict psychophysical laws.
6. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Adelino Cardoso Psicologia e Moral em Descartes
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Ce travail vise à poser la continuité entre la psychologie et la morale ainsi qu’à reconnaît re la discontinuité entre celle-ci et la physique dans la pensée cartésienne. En effet, la détermination de la volonté consiste en un processus qui se déploie sur un fond de passivité. Car la liberté recèle des degrés qui vont de l’indétermination pure du libre arbitre jusqu’à l’inclination infaillible vers tel ou tel acte: l’inclination n’affaiblit ni la puissance de la volonté ni la liberté du sujet moral; tout au contraire elle les accroît. Le sage cartésien n’aspire donc pas à annihiler ses passions, il s’attache plutôt à les régler et à les investir afin d’atteindre la perfection, laquelle perfection s’avère indissociable de l’excès. Dépourvu de tout objet déterminé, le désir, pour sa part, constitue le ressort de cette régulation en ce sens qu’il renforce ou atténue chacune des autres passions.
7. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Teresa Antunes “Push Pin” ou Poesia ? O Problema da Distinção Qualitativa dos Valores no Utilitarismo
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The purpose of this paper is to present the classical problem of knowing if utilitarianism can admit a qualitatively distinction of pleasures or interests, introduced by John Stuart Mill, besides the quantitatively distinction supported by Jeremy Bentham. Moreover, it tries to clarify if the quantity theory of values is consistent with utilitarianism and, even so, if its acceptance does not prevent utilitarians from condemning elitism and speciesist prejudice, as many of them actually do. The claim, here, is that utilitarians can probably still hold that condemnation.
8. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
José Gomes André Liberdade e Direitos Humanos no Pensamento de Richard Price
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This paper is concerned with the political philosophy of Richard Price, analysing the way this author has developed the concept of liberty and the problem of human rights. The theme of liberty will be interpreted in a double perspective: a) in a private dimension, that sets liberty in the inner side of the individual; b) in a public dimension, that places it in the domain of a manifest action of the individual. We will try to show how this double outlook of liberty is conceived under the optics of a necessary complementarity, since liberty, which is primarily understood as a feature of the subject taken as an individual, acquires only a full meaning when she becomes efective in a comunitary field, as a social and political expression. The concept of human rights will appear located in this analysis, being defined simultaneously as condition and expression of the human dignity and happiness, at the same time natural attributes of an individual that should be cultivated and public effectiveness that contributes to the development of society.
9. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Manuel Teles da Silva Mente Humana e Animal - As Perspectivas de Susanne Langer e António Damásio
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In this article, Susanne Langer’s and Antonio Damasio’s theories are presented as candidates for the validation, both scientific and philosophical, of two different perspectives conceming the complexity of the animal mind. Despite their initial agreement about which kind of animais are incapable of producing mental activity (such as insects and other lower animals), they diverge when it cornes to the study of more developed animals, namely mammals. The present article sides with Damasio against Langer: Langer rejects the idea of ascribing to any animal complex human mental capacities (sense of individuality, extended memory and foresight, altruistic motivation, conceptualization and symbolic language); in turn, Damasio’s neurobiological theory (along with some etological data) gives us good reasons to attribute these same capacities to, at least, some species of mammals.
10. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Pedro Galvão Uma Defesa do Argumento de Marquis Contra o Aborto
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The main aim of this essay is to defend Don Marquis’s “future-like-ours“ argument against abortion from David Boonin’s recent critique to it. In the first two sections I show that Marquis’s FLO argument is much more plausible than the traditional argument against abortion, grounded on an appeal to the humanity of the fetus. The third section explains Boonin’s critique to the FLO argument. In the last section I show that: (1) Boonin’s critique rests on a misunderstanding conceming the content of Marquis’s moral principle; (2) We can restate Boonin’s position in order to avoid that misunderstanding, but such restatement leads to the (unacceptable) conclusion that infanticide, and not only abortion, is morally permissible.
recensões
11. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Porfírio Silva Realidade e Cognição, J. P. Monteiro
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12. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Maria Luísa Ribeiro Ferreira Spinoza and Deep Ecology. Challenging Traditional Approaches to Environmentalism, Eccy de Jonge
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13. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Maria Luísa Ribeiro Ferreira Diálogo Intercultural, Utopia e Mestiçagem em Tempos de Globalização, João Maria André
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14. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
José António Leite Cruz de Matos Pacheco Os Degraus do Parnaso, M. S. Lourenço
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15. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Renato Epifânio Chartularium Universitatis Portugalensis
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16. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Vânia Sofia Santos Marques Profissão Professor, org. António Nóvoa
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dissertações
17. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
André Barata Experiência e Sentido
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18. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
José António Leite Cruz de Matos Pacheco A Estética da Filosofia ou Sentimento e Poiesis como Fundamento do Sistema da Filosofia em Eric Weil
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19. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Maria José Figueiredo A Universalidade do bem e as Particularidades da Liberdade. Um Estudo de Ética e Filosofia Política no Pensamento de Aristoteles
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20. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 13 > Issue: 25
Renato Epifânio Fundamentos e Firmamentos do Pensamento Português Contemporâneo: Uma Perspectiva a Partir da Visão de José Marinho
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