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1. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Maria José Varandas, José Gomes André Editorial
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2. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Cristina Beckert O Espelho Invertido. Reflexões Sobre a Relação do Ser Humano com os Outros Animais
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3. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Paulo Borges Quem é o Meu Próximo? Senciência, Empatia e Ilimitação
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This paper aims to rethink the traditional understanding of the two commandments formulated by Christ - to love God and our neighbour as ourselves -, by rethinking the category of neighbour, not just as those who belongs to the human species, but as all those to whom we can feel close, depending on the degree of empathy conceming not just sentient beings, but even all forms of life and existence. Rethinking also God not as the supreme being, but (according to the etymology) as the light of the full awareness of life itself, we propose that to live wholeheartedly the two commandments implies to die and resurrect as being everything in all and all things.
4. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Viriato Soromenho-Marques “Walden”: The «Art of Living»
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5. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Jorge Marques da Silva Perspetivas Antropocêntricas e Egocêntricas da Estética Ambiental: Contributos para a Sustentabilidade
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The connection between Sustainable Development, Environmental Ethics and Environmental Aesthetics is discussed. The historical evolution of the concept “Sustainable Development”, from its foundation on the 1980’s to current days, is analyzed. Then, the ethics of Sustainable Development is characterized on the framework of Environmental Ethics. To conclude, different perspectives of Environmental Aesthetics are considered, and their potential to directly support an environmental ethics and, finally, a sustainable environmental politics, is evaluated.
6. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Nuno Pereira Castanheira Ser Humano Desalojado: Para Uma Compreensão da Crise “Ecológica”
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According to the United Nations, human intervention in nature set loose a series of transformations on the Earth’s ecosystems, resulting in a serious disruption of their natural balance. Some of these changes are irreversible and threaten all life on Earth, human life included. On the other hand, the world’s sociopolitical situation also seems to have reached a dead end, with millions of people living in poverty, unemployed, undernourished, and on flight from conflict. The purpose of this paper is to show how Hannah Arendt’s thought on beginnings, crisis, understanding, meaning and human existence can illuminate and inspire an attempt to retrace the origins of this “ecological” crisis, understood as the human being’s inability to be at home in the world.
7. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
António Queirós Campos de Deméter: Da Impossibilidade de Separar a Ciência, a Ética e a Estética na Hermenêutica da Paisagem
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Central conceptual terms, such as ‘culture’, ‘environment’, ‘nature’ and ‘landscape’, are far from being neutral scientific objects. They are academic constructions which need to be understood in their emergence across their historic contexts. Morality is a cultural expression determined by social domination and historical context, which gives it a sectary character. We need a moral theory that can be universal, timeless and that is able to guide the individual conduct, science and political ideologies, without considering the man the zenith of Life. Life, with its biodiversity, is only the tip of a complex Cosmos evolution, but we don’t know if our species, bom on planet Earth, are the final link in the Cosmos evolution. To answer all these questions, a new ethical perspective was born, a theory built upon the principles of meta-ethics and applicable to all human activities. Environmental ethics are supported by two principles - the critique against anthropocentrism and the critique against ethnocentrism, giving a universal answer to the macro moral problems of our era - environmental, social, economical and political crisis, war and weapons of mass destruction... And contributes towards rebuilding the human activities in all domains of individual and social life.
8. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Francisco Teixeira Educação Ambiental: Um Itinerário Persistente e Crítico de Expansão de Cidadania
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The aim of this article is to disclose the historical evolution of the concept and practice of Environmental Education through the study of its national and international roots, essential elements, principles and respective dimensions. The persistent processes of its ‘re-conceptualization’, within global environmental (public) policy, and the inherent ethical dimension of the environmental education towards sustainability are also challenges here necessarily taken into consideration.
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9. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Victor Gonçalves Foucault e a Filosofia
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Michel Foucault was a persistent, although sui generis, reader of Kant, and that is the appropriation that we will analyse. We will Start by the extensive introduction that he has made for his translation of Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht, where he shows the failure of the kantian pragmatic anthropology. We will proceed with the study of the kantian criticism in Les Mots et les Choses, which set the conditions to the transition of the Classic to the Modem episteme, allowing nevertheless, and simultaneously, the creation of a new metaphysics out of the representations and forming a philosophy obsessed by man, by means of reducing his field of knowledge to the “empiricisms” of life, of language and of work. Nietzsche will come in his help by offering, with the “disappearance of man”, the promise of the renaissance of philosophy. Finally, in a third part, we will reflect on the way Foucault commits himself more directly to the Kantian reception, by enlarging and renewing it through the importance he gave to the “diagnosis of actuality” and to the “ontology of ourselves”, instead o f the “analytics of truth”, as well as to the axiology of revolution. This was already present in the texts he wrote in the 80’s about Was ist Aufklärung? and Der Streit der Facultäten, there defining much of his own condition as a public and private thinker.
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10. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Gabriel Albiac Voz de um Maestro: Oswaldo Market
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11. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 40
Informações
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12. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Editorial
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13. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
José Barata-Moura Hegel e a Ontologia
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14. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Marco Sgarbi Il Cielo Stellato Sopra di Me e la Legge Morale in Me: Osservazioni sul Sublime e Sulla Logica dell'irrazionale in Kant
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«Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily reflection is occupied with them: the starry heaven above me and the moral law within me». With these famous words written on paper and inscribed in stone, Immanuel Kant concludes the Critique of Practical Reason. In this paper, I intend to show how this sentence is closely linked with: 1) the kantian doctrine on the sublime and 2) to the foundation of the logic of the irrational in the Critique of Judgement.
15. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Fernando Manuel Ferreira da Silva Das Gespräch Zwischen Hölderlin, Hegel und Schelling Über Kants Antinomien
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«Die Art, wie er den Mechanismus der Natur mit ihrer Zweckmäßigkeit vereiniget, scheint mir eigentlich den ganzen Geist seines Systems zu enthalten»; This quotation, which originated the present essay, is solely extracted from a letter sent by Hölderlin to Hegel, and yet, it condensates three different approaches from the three Tübingen friends to the problem of Kant’s philosophy of religion and to its possible resolution between 1795 and 1796. From this epistolary dialogue emerges a simultaneous study of Kant, originated by the growing dissension towards the orthodox thought of the Stift. The tuming point - or the maximum cumulative point - of this discordance happens precisely with the discovery of the «spirit of Kant’s System», as a combined explanation of the religious and philosophical phenomena [«Die Art, wie er den Mechanismus der Natur mit ihrer Zweckmässigkeit vereiniget»]. This, I think, is something which the three friends discover gradually and not independently from the concept of «providence», which Kant himself, according to Hölderlin, had used to «attenuate his antinomies», which Hegel uses in his first religious writings and the initial formation of his own philosophy and which Schelling will later explore in his System of Transcendental Idealism. In a word, providence is consensually the comprehension axis between man, God and nature and, thus, the explanatory link between the antinomical poles which regulate human existence. On the other hand, however - this being the aspect I would like to stress - , this decisive moment for a whole generation, for the history of philosophy itself, means the consummation of a new revolutionary perspective born in Kant, a new vision of the absolute and the divine and, therefore, a new way to write philosophy about philosophy, less philosophical than before, to the extent that the new situation of man and his reflection within the problem ultimately destined them - as is the case in the three young philosophers - to silence and death. The final aim of this essay is, therefore, to know what this «last step of philosophy» is and what dies along with it, what such a step may have meant and what it already foretold in terms of the development of philosophy.
16. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Vânia Dutra de Azeredo David Harvey e Friedrich Nietzsche: Pós-Modernidade ou Extemporaneidade
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This paper confronts the distinction between an immanent eternity and a transcendent one with David Harvey’s concept of time-space compression, trying to show that this author, from a Nietzschean analysis of his considerations about the post-modem condition, makes use of a traditional conceptual apparatus to evaluate that condition. So we place the Harveyan concept of time-space compression in a transcendent eternity, which is still conformed to the tradition, according to our interpretation of Nietzsche.
17. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Ricardo Silva Uma Perspectiva Axiológica do Fundamento da Normatividade
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This paper aims to provide an adequate philosophical groundwork to normativity. More specifîcally, the author argues in favor of its axiological nature: from a philosophical point of view, normativity only becomes intelligible if values are taken into account. Therefore values arise as a necessary condition of normativity. Although not sufficient, values are the decisive condition in distinguishing norms from other relations of the same type. The thought of axiologists like Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann is discussed even though their theories do not fully explain how norm (ought-to-be) and value interrelate.
18. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Ana Falcato As Investigações Filosóficas Enquanto “Álbum” Cultural
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As it is well known, the Philosophical Investigations are formally structured as a set of paragraphs numerically sequenced (Part I), and a more arbitrary group of thematic remarks (Part II). In the Prologue and in a justifying way of putting it, Wittgenstein States that: «Thus this book is really only an Album». Taking it as an exhibition of a series of sketches, we can read (or see) the book as a collection of «pictures of thought». However, as I will argue, in a wider understanding of the Philosophical Investigations, the idea of an album has deeper implications than the methodological ones. With a somewhat spenglerian inspiration, the book follows a sort of cultural-transcendental perspective in accordance to the organic model of a philosophical approach to forms of life which have a primary linguistic configuration.
19. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Maria José Varandas Estética Natural e Ética Ambiental, Que Relação?
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This paper defends that environmental aesthetics provides a consistent basis for environmental philosophy, whereas aesthetic value plays an important role in the defense and preservation of natural areas. For several environmental philosophers the natural beauty is an inherent part of the ethical concern. Leopold States that “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, the balance and the beauty of the biotic community”. Notwithstanding, aesthetic value is still not a central issue in the environmental debate. On the other hand, the “positive aesthetics” (Allen Carlson), which is a recent approach that reevaluates “positively” natural beauty in the ethical context, obtains a core of objections. This paper sketches a few arguments defending the contiguity between environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics: (i) the emotional perception of inclusiveness and engagement on the aesthetics appreciation of nature; (ii) the feelings of grace and love to ward nature inherent to the nature’s aesthetic appreciation which according Kant announces the moral feeling; (iii) the ecological knowledge of natural beauty in order to understand the full meaning of it, and that includes some natural entities seen as not beautiful.
20. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 20 > Issue: 39
Francisco Felizol Marques A Voz do Deus em Democracia
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In democracy, the people take the place of a single and universal God. Since the first democracy’s modern theorizations there is a tendency to give the people the (not) attributes of a single god. This abstraction of features allows the people to include all the differences and particularities and then universalizes itself as the source and foundation of all power. The people in democracy are not only innate, uncaused, immortal, incorporeal, unextended, are omnipresent, omniscient (or infallible) and omnipotent - negative attributes as well. The people have also virtues that have been established as human, which, because sacralized, sublimated, are negative attributes as well. The only positive feature of the people, to be full age, reveals its functional nature. The voice of the people is the voice of a God. Therefore the single God creates over his voice, the people creates in an election result. In democracy, this voice creates in an infallible way.