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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Potrzeby jako korelaty postawy religijnej
Needs as Correlatives of the Religious Attitude
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The present paper is an account of empirical research concerning the correlation of the system of needs with the centrality of the object of the religious attitude. The centrality of the object of the attitude is understood as a dimention pointing to the degree of psychological (cognitive, emotional-motivational) involvement of the subject in the object of the attitude. The object may be, according to its essence, more or less meaningful, important to particular persons; in other words, it may be psychologically more or less distant (or close). The notion of need has been taken after Murray (Murray, 1938, 123-4).The research was primarily concerned with achieving answers to the following questions: 1) whether high centrality associates with a specific system of needs; 2) what kind of needs correlate with the centrality of the ebject of the religious attitude; 3) what function the religious attitude plays: whether cognitive or rather transcognitive, that is emotional.The investigation of centrality was carried out by means of the Scale of attitudes of the auctor’s project. G. G. Stern’ Activities Index was used for the investigation of needs. 290 persons were examined and then divided into three groups: W — of high centrality, N — of low centrality, and S — of medium centrality. The separated groups were similar in kind: as regards education, social provenance, age and sex.The analysis of empirical data revealed high correlation between the centrality of the object of the religious attitude and the system of needs. Statistically significant interdependence was discovered in 15 (out of 30) needs.And so, the dominant needs in the structure of personality typical of group W appeared to be: Understanding (Und), Reflectiveness (Ref), Nurturanee (Nur), and Energy (Eny). Fer the representatives of group S, in turn, the most characteristic traits and dispositions seem to be those conneceted with the system of needs: Defen- dance (Dfd), Inf avoidance (Inf), Narcism (Nar) as well as the lowered intensity of needs of Reflectiveness (Ref) and Objectivity (Obj). Finally, the prominent quality of group N is a clear presence of needs: Objectivity (Obj), Dominance (Dorn), Impulsion (Imp), Rejection (Rej), Play (Play), Sex (Sex) and the lowered intensity of the need of Order (Ord).The religious attitude with the high centrality of its object performs a cognitive- -emotional function, whereas with the medium centrality (group S) it takes over chiefly the transcognitive function.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Postawy i osobowość:
Zastosowanie sekwencyjnej analizy dyskryminacyjnej
Attitudes and Personality
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The study presented in the paper is a continuation of the study published in „Roczniki Filozoficzne” (Annals of Philosophy) vol. 21, fasc. 4, pp. 5-29. The new research was extended either in the number of samples and psychometric techniques and in statistical analyses. The author tries to answer the following questions:1) whether the three groups of persons exhibiting significant statistical differences in the measurement of their attitude towards religion (obtained by means of the test of G. W. Allport, P. E. Vernon and G. Lindzey Study of Values. A Scale for Measuring the Dominant Interests in Personality) differ also in basic factors of personality as measured by means R. B. Cattell’s The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and H. J. Eysenck’s Maudsley Personality Inventory, and subsequently:2) whether it is possible, having measured a set of personality traits of the three groups, to determine appropriate determinants, i.e. such a combination of traits which in turn would allow to identify, as a precisely as possible, each group, namely, the first (50 persons) with a high religious attitude, the second (50 persons) with a low one and the third (50 persons) — an intermediate which cannot be included in either of the previous ones. Thus, the presented comparisons were made between three pairs of group. The proper answer to the above stated questions is conditioned by a proper choice of statistical methods. This study employed one of the methods of searching traits, in statistics called the sequential discrimination analysis <01ekie- wicz 1962; 1966; Chlewiński 1973} which permits relatively effective differentiation between two populations. The method allows to find a diagnosis based not on one trait but on few traits simultaneously. The classical determination analysis, deviced by E. A. Fisher, is used for the determination of the optimum combination of traits from a whole set, so that the function differentiating two populations should be, as statisticians say, even better than the best discrimination based on one trait only. Combination of two or more traits of highest distinctive value is called "discriminant”. The classical discrimination analysis method is employed to calculate the discriminant from all the traits. It requires very large groups and many calculations before the final set of traits can be reached by moving back. Whereas, in the sequential discrimination analysis a more simple and economic method is employed. To execute it, a greater number of k traits is needed, out of which the sets of the best two traits are selectively selected, then three traits, etc., until further selection proves uneffective.Three groups differing from each other in religious attitude were singled out in the investigations. Basing on the measurement in the scale of religious values, in the first group (n=50) were included individuals with the highest and dominant religious attitude in comparison with all the other attitudes measured by means of Study of Values (X = 75,9; a = 4,54). The group was conventionally called the religious one (symbol: R). Basing on the analogous criterion the second group was selected (n=50), characterized by the lowest religious attitude as compared with all the other attitudes (X = 25,67; a = 6,83). The group was conventionally called the unreligious one (symbol: R). The third group was a set (n = 50) of persons who had not fulfilled the criterion on the grounds of which an individual was included in the R and R groups (X = 46,14; a = 9,07). The group was called an intermediate one (symbol: P). As regards sex, age and the level of education (higher) all the groups are approximately uniform (homogeneous).With the aid of two questionnaires, the scores of 18 traits were obtained from all three groups. The value of the linear discrimination function (g function) for all 18 traits in R—R group was g = 0,6515, in R—P group g = 0,3753, in R—P group g = 0,3377. Tables 2,6 and 9 show some statistical characteristics and discrimination traits of single properties for the comparison of groups R—R, R—P, and R—P, respectively. Tables 3, 7 and 10 show the values of discrimination functions of those twos which proved markedly statistically better than the best trait taken separately: of the threes better than the best two, of the fours better than the best three, of the fives better than the best four — again for each of the comparisons, respectively: R—R, R—P, and R—P. For better illustration, tables 4, 8, and 11 demonstrate the distributive sequence of discrimination power of particular traits taken separately (col. 1), of twos of traits (col. 2), of threes of traits (col. 3), of fours of traits (col. 4), and fives of traits (col. 5). Table 5 gives the figures and percentage of right and false classifications — for the comparisons of R and R, obtained by means of sequential analysis of twos of the best ones, twos, threes, fours and fives. It appears that the sequential discrimination analysis permits to make relatively accurate classifications of particular persons into appropriate groups. Section 5 contains more detailed characterization of psychological factors that differentiate particular groups.The present study on the one hand attempts to demonstrate the effectiveness of a statistical method applied to the problems of psychology, and on the other it throws some light on their merits.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Jozef Szopiński
Jozef Szopiński
Komunikacja interpersonalna w małżeństwie
Interpersonal Communication Within Marriage
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As a result of structural changes within marriage, the mental bonds of affection in it are becoming a problem of experimental research. The author views the mental bond in marriage as interaction between the partners within the spheres of mutual affection and understanding, and co-operation. Interpersonal communication affords possibilities for understanding within marriage, namely:1) Each act of behaviour in an interpersonal situation may convey something to the recipient. The best kind of communication consists of outward manifestation of the sender and of the acknowledgment of receipt by the recipient. For the initial sender the acknowledgment of receipt is simultaneously a criterion of how the information was received.2) Learning communication can be connected with the awareness of the following questions:a) what does it mean ”to communicate”?;b) what does the partner want to achieve by communication?;c) can the partner create an atmosphere favourable to communication?3) Factors that hinder communication may include:a) external conditions, e.g. work in diferent shifts,b) the atmosphere and situation at home,c) psychological factors narrowing the scope of communication, e.g. fear of losing the partner.4) Under the influence of learning interpersonal communication, the marriage becomes more and more satysfying. Interpersonal communication eliminates a false picture of the partner, makes it possible to accept the partner in his difference and distinctness, favours and effects the increase of more mature reactions and mutual attractiveness.Interpersonal communication can be a formative factor for the relationships both among family members and within society.
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Stanisława Tucholska
Stanisława Tucholska
Ekstrawersja i introwersja a zachowanie agresywne młodzieży
Extraversion and Introversion and Aggressive Behaviour of the Youth
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The investigation presented in the paper aims at grasping the interdependence between extroversion and introversion and aggressive behaviour of the youth. The material for the analysis consisted of the records of 98 investigated persons: 50 boys and 48 girls. The average of their age was 14,7.The Eysenck Personality Inventory served as a method of differentiating the individuals in respect of extro- and introversion. Three groups of investigated persons were distinguished: 1) with 30 extraversive individuals, 2) with 37 persons of mixed type, and 3) with 31 introverts. The groups were compared in respect of aggressive behaviour, measured with the test H-G Inventory of Buss and Diirkee.Analysis of the obtained results allowed to find statistically significant differences (counted by means of T Student test) among the distinguished groups in respect of particular kinds of aggressiveness. The extroverts more than introverts tend towards aggressive behaviour. Statistically significant differences concern the following kinds of aggressiveness: verbal aggression, indirect aggression, negativism, irritability, general aggressiveness, and physical aggression. While more direct modes of attacking an adversary are characteristic of the extroverts, reaction of passive aggression is an outstanding feature of the introverts. The results obtained from group 2, i.e. of mixed type, are close to the results of the extroversive group in the test of aggressiveness.
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Zenon Uchnast
Zenon Uchnast
Koncepcja smutku i depresji w psychologii egzystencjalnej
The Conceptions of Sadness and Depression in the Existential Psychology
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The description and explanation of psychological aspects of the existential conception of man as existing in the world is the object of particular interest of existential psychologists. It is to these important aspects of existential conception of man that the problems of sadness and depression belong. Taking the ”I”—world relationship as the basis for psychological analysis, the author attempts at presenting the "clinical picture” of sad and depressive man, but also points out the possibilities of explaining the genesis of these feelings and the dynamics of their development.Human existence is examined by the existential psychologists in its dynamic aspect, in the ability to go beyond the current ("actual”) state, to develop and become a fully-functioning personality. The dynamics of this self-direction reveals itself — inter other things — in the aspiration for differentiating and perfecting the forms of relationship with the world, creating the "world of meanings” of one’s own, realizing one’s potentialities to act in a free, rational, effective and social manner. The dynamics of man’s self-direction also is noticeable in how deeply he react to situations that restrict or block the chances of realizing his constructive potentialities. Intensity of sadness and depression greatly depends on experiencing frustration concerning the chances of maintaing and developing the proper ”I”—world relationships. Alienation from the world (from the experiences of the body, from psychological reactions, from personal relationships with others and with nature), denial of the existence of the world leads in turn to the restriction of the existential experience of the ”I” which can be experienced only as contacting with and aiming towards something. Thus, rejecting either element of the dichotomy of the experience ”I”—world, the individual loses the chances of functioning, proper to man, which can ensure the development of his personality.Thus, in the psychotherapy of the sad and depressive man, it would be suitable to make easier for him realizing and experiencing the sensory-emotional feelings determining his mode of existence, make him aware of possibilities of imposing meaning and sense upon these experiences. The individual, as he learns to accept the world of internal experience (Eigenwelt) should — during psychotherapy — also learn to accept the world of nature (Umwelt). Thus, by contact with a mature person, a psychotherapist, the sad individual learns to experience — in a mature way — the ”I”—world dichotomy, and to try, together with the therapeutist, to solve this antinomy on a higher level, ensuring to him fuller realization of creative potentialities of his personality.
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