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Józef Pastuszka
Józef Pastuszka
Człowiek i czas:
refleksje psychologiczne
Man and Time
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Time presents a difficult problem, both to the philosopher and the psychologist. All conscious human experiences take place in time, which developes in three dimensions: the present, the past, and the future, and none of these appears to have real existence.The author discusses two problems: the experience of time and the human attitude to time, namely man’s link with time and his struggle with time.The experience of time in the present turns about the moment, which most closely links man with life, although itself is short. The future is an attempt to project the moment into possible happenings and is, in principle, a work of the imagination.The past has no reality, but factually occurs in man as a series of remembered pictures which, however, act upon the present.Time is properly a moment, which lasts briefly, passes and is renewed, but as another moment.The basic attitude of man towards time is linking with time and living within time, taking part in the processes which form time, perceiving moments in the world, comparing his own processes with them, transforming himself on that basis, accepting environmental, physical and mental stimuli, joining in the life of the environment and shaping his own forms for living on this pattern.Simultaneously, man fights with time, the expression of which is his control of time by technical means, measurements of size and difference. In addition, every act of reflective thought is opposition to time, for it is exclusion of certain experiences from the wave of perceptions streaming through consciousness. Similarly, the act of remembering and analysing certain perceptions. A typical form of struggle with time is speech and material speed. The latter gives a feeling of superiority over time and brings confusion and forgetting of time. An interesting form of „ethic struggle” with time is the fidelity of man to other men and himself.Similarly, exterior culture (works of art, buildings etc.) can be assessed as opposition to time.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Koncepcja postawy w psychologii
The Concept of Attitude in Psychology
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What are the essential elements in the concept of attitude? It appears that the basic feature of an attitude is the element of relation — the relation between the subject and object of the attitude. This relation is expressed in three forms: convictions, emotions and behaviour towards the object of the attitude; together they form a compact system, relatively stable and dynamic. The three components mentioned may differ in: valence (direction and intensity) and consistency or the degree of correlation which may exist between three components.Attitude understood thus, is a theoretical concept. The definition of the substance of the concept of attitude is made indirectly — by observation and analysis of the characteristics of the empiric indices, which are the directly' observable reactions.
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Jerzy Strojnowski
Jerzy Strojnowski
Polska psychiatria społeczna w ujęciu historycznym
The Historical View of Polish Social Psychiatry
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If the task of social psychiatry is to discover the correlation between social factors and mental disorders, this connection cannot be found without the light of history. The psyche, like the various phases of social life correlating with it, is the product of a long process lasting thousands of years. Thus, we should follow up, in this aspect, a series of prehistoric and historic cultures, from the times when stone tools were used, up to the whole complex of modern dependencies of the individual human.Investigations on the culture of the early Slavonic tribes indicate that the language of our forefathers contained many expressions reffering to normal and pathological mental experience, which proves that they were interested in the evidence of the activity of the psyche and attempted to interpret it. The early Slavs had the beginnings of knowledge of heredity and constitutionalism, as can be shown by an analysis of beliefs concerning fate. Belief in południca contains a knowledge of the symptomatology of mental and neurological disorders caused by physical exhaustion and exposure to strong sunlight, and simultaneously gives hygienic instruction which enable these disorders to be effectively prevented. Magic, which the early Slavs also knew, we shall here consider chiefly as an important factor of solidarity within the tribe, forming an effective defence of the weaker from physical violence. Intoxication was almost entirely a collective cult phenomenon.The attitude of the early Slavs to the handicapped, including the mentally sick was generally kindly, sometimes even one of religious awe. Mentally handicapped persons were in some regions particularly venerated as the performers of cult ceremonies, magic and healing arts. Sometimes, however, they were treated inimically.Together with Christianity (the baptism of Mieszko I — 966 A. D.) there appears a cultural element which is qualitatively different and new — the idea of care for the weak and the sick, without the expectation of material reward. Christian mercy — Caritas seen in the evolutionary aspect, we consider as a particular expression of interhuman solidarity and thus as a sign of progress.The Christian culture of the West also brought with it the school and book form of education. Thanks to this, the prelogical and magical altitude to diseases was gradually overcome by the rational and scientific attitude. Polish physicians of the XVIth 'century universally regard madness as an illness, which proves that they had left behind them prelogical prejudices toward the mentally sick.The end of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of modern times were full of internal, warf are that desolated Europe. At this time contacts with the East were increasing and later also with the newly-discovered America. Western scholars became more widely familiar with the scientific achievements of antiquity. All this made for the decline of authorities, and travel and migrations helped to spread epidemics. „Bad government, exactions, the cupidity and violence of the great, wars and brigandage, scarcity, misery and pestilence — to this is contemporary history nearly reduced in the eyes of the people” (Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, English translation by F. Hopman). Everything inclined the man of these times to violent acts, to extremes such as explosions of hatred or generous consecration of himself for the sake of the suffering. However, for Poland these were times of relative peace.The appearance on Jan Ciudad, called John of God, at the end of the XVI and beginning of the XVII century was a turning-point in the attitude towards the mentally sick. The congregation of Bonifraters founded by him initiated most of hospitals for the mentally sick in Europe, including Poland. Nursing the mentally sick is a particular phenomenon in the evolution of the human society, a phenomenon which slowly but surely prevails over former tendencies, regressive in relation to it, which were inclined to use repression towards these unfortunates. Eloquent evidence of this victory is the remarkable development of psychiatric hospitalization, which has, today, spread over almost the whole world.The XVIIth century, in which european science and culture flourished, is a time of decline in Poland. This country was overwhelmed by wars which were accompanied by epidemics. The dynasty of kings from Saxony brought us reprieve. The serf barely vegetated, the gentry gave themselves over to drunkenness, the towns fell into economic decay. Then and only then, religious intolerance reared its head in Poland and trials for witchcraft revived.Already half-way through the XVIIIth century there is an obvious national revival. Polish youth went abroad to study, journalism appeared, many foreigners settled in Poland, among whom were not a few physicians. The founding of the Educational Commission (1773) was a particularly important event. The end of the XVIIIth century brought the reform of some Polish universities, above all of the Cracow and the Vilno Academy, with their faculties of medicine.Voices begin to be raised against alcoholism. Attention was paid to neuro- -psychic disorders, of which it was thought that they were the result of leading an unnatural life. The questions of the hereditary nature of mental disorders, and of mental hygiene, were investigated.Society of the age of enlightenment by no means exhibited sobriety and common sense. The upper classes believed in „sympathies'’ and „magnetism”, while simple folk were still tormented by witchcraft and ghosts. Perzyna pronounces for their guidance: „Possession (daemonomania) is the pretence of madness” and „only recently our gloriously reigning [...] Stanislaus Augustus [...] (1776) in abolishing torture, liberated the people from the persecution of foolish, and John Bo- homolec, tearing the veil from their eyes, uncovered the folly of believing appearances".For many centuries care of the sick, including the mentally sick, was the domain of Christian mercy and philanthropy, in which the local, or the State authorities did not betray much interest. The emphasis was on the isolation of the mentally sick from the „healthy” population. The conviction that hospitals were a State concern, was voiced in Poland about half-way through the XVIIIth century, and found expression in the so-called Hospital Commissions in 1775.As time went on, the tendency grew for the State to take over hospital administration. In the Russian zone of partitioned Poland there were a series of legislative acts which gradually limited the function of non-governmental officiąls in the hospitals. However, the governmental initiative did not solve even the most important problems in psychiatric treatment, which social action attempted to allay.During the period between the world wars there were still many psychiatric hospitals in Poland administrated by communal authorities; after the second world war they all became controlled by the State.Hospitalization and other forms of psychiatric treatment, although as yet unable to fulfil all needs, are developing rapidly in People’s Poland. In addition, Poland at present is carrying out large-scale investigations in the field of psychiatry and social psychopathology.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Janusz Kostrzewski
Janusz Kostrzewski
Rzetelność i trafność polskiego przekładu 14-czynnikowego kwestionariusza do badania osobowości dzieci 8—12-letnich
Reliability and Validity of the Polish Translation of R. B. Porter And R. B. Cattell’s C. P. Q.
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The purpose of the article is a measurement of the reliability and validity of the Polish translation of R. B. Porter and R. B. Cattell’s C. P. Q., and a critical appraisal of this method.The coefficients of reliability are based on the testing of 100 children aged 9 years (50 boys and 50 girls). The dependability coefficients (test-retest coefficient without an interval) of our translation vary from 0.41 (factor E) to 0.76 (factor B), while the stability coefficients (called test-retest coefficient after an interval of 14 days) vary from 0.28 (factor A) to 0.J67 (factor N). These were too low to use as a basis in the analysis of individual cases. This inclined the translator to revise his translation; a new version appeared in 1965 in an experimental edition.In the light of the investigations with the Polish translation of the C. P. Q. neurotic boys (28 children) differed from their healthy coevals (50 children, in 10 factors: A-, C-, DH-, E+, G-, H-, I-, J+, 0+ and Q4 -j-, while neurotic girls (26 children) differed from their healthy coevals (50 children) in 8 factors. These are: A-, C-, D+, E+, G-, 0+, Q3- and Q4+. 28 boys with behavioural disorders (in this group were cases of characteropathy, psychopathy, and anomalies in the formation of character) differed from their coevals without behavioural disorders in the factors: A-, C-, D+, G-, H-, N+, and Q4+. The 28 boys with behavioural disorders differed from the neurotic boys in C-f-, F+, G-, H+ and Q4+. Girls successful in school differed from coevals without school success in 7 factors: B+, C+, D-, H+, O-, Q3-f- and Q4-, while boys successful in school differed in 6 factors from boys without school success: B+, C+, H+, J+, Q3-f- and Q4-. The author observed that certain questions were too obvious, containing socially accepted values, and these should be omitted. The method discussed (ed. 1959) is a good diagnostic tool in relation to neurotic children, children with behavioural disorders, and children successful in school or without school success. However, its dependability and stability should be increased. Possibly a new translation will fulfil these requirements. Further investigation is indicated.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Mieczysław Niewiadomski
Mieczysław Niewiadomski
Cechy osobowości skrupulatów
Personality Traits of Individuals With Scruples
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The article presents the results of investigations on the personality of individuals with scruples. The investigations were carried out by means of the Personality Questionnaire of R. B. Cattell, edited by M. Choynowski and standardized on a Polish population. This is the Polish version of the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire of R. B. Cattell (4). A supplementary method of investigation was a specially constructed biographical questionnaire. The group examined consisted of 30 scrupulous individuals with secondary or university education aged 21—60 years, of whom the majority had suffered from scruples for from 6 to 20 years. The criterion for inclusion in this group was the appraisal of a priest- confessor.The author first presents views on the essence of scruples, with emphasis on the psychasthenic theory of P. Janet (13) and the theory of emotional immaturity with consideration of the psychological views of R. Gleason and G. Hagmaier (10), H. Gratton (13) and N. Mailloux (18) on the role of the super-ego in the process of the formation of scruples. He then analyses the material gathered.The results obtained allow the observation to be made that scrupulous individuals very significantly differ from persons in the comparative group in the following factors: emotional immaturity (C-), submission (E-), desurgency and feeling of inadequacy (F-), dominant structure of the super-ego (G+), inhibition and deep state of depression (H-), great sensitivity and need to be understood (I+), naïveté and simplicity (N-), a tendency to blame themselves, especially group Si with higher results in the scale of anxiety (0+), conventionalism in their social attitude (Qi), increased general psychic tension (Q4). The scrupulous are also characterized by flight from responsibility, anxiety, doubts, importunacy and general maladjustment. Among the principal features which condition the arisal of scruples can be counted emotional immaturity and dominant super-ego, and among the chief mental symptoms are feelings of guilt and anxiety. In the statistical analysis of the results, in the factors of anxiety there appeared two groups of scrupulous individuals, with high and low scores on the anxiety, rating. The first group consisted of scrupulous individuals with anxieties, the second of scrupulous perfectionists.The dominating and unintegrated super-ego, in the scrupulous, is transformed into the neurotic conscience, called the emotional conscience.On the basis of these investigations, the author defined scruples as fear of transgressing the pseudomoral norms of an emotional conscience.
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Tadeusz Witkowski
Tadeusz Witkowski
Z badań nad wrażliwością moralną dzieci o obniżonej sprawności umysłowej
Investigations on the Moral Sensitivity of Subnormal Children
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Investigations were carried out on the moral sensitivity of subnormal children in order to verify the hypothesis that moral sensitivity in these children is lower than in normal children. In addition it was hoped to find at least certain conditionings.30 boys in a home for mental retardates (morons) formed the experimental group, while 30 normal boys formed the control group. AH boys investigated were aged 12—14 years.Each individual examined was faced with the same situations given verbally in the form of short anecdotes with illustrations. His task was to state what good or bad he had noticed in them. The number of elements with moral significance that was mentioned was considered the criterion of ability to react to good and bad moral phenomena in situations capable of moral assessment.The experimental group attained decidedly lower results. The mean of points for subnormal children was about 45, while for normal children it was 70. Analysis of the results made is possible to state the dependence of moral sensitivity on intelligence, age, personal experience and emotional factors.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Janusz Kostrzewski
Janusz Kostrzewski
Współczesny pogląd na etiologię choroby L. Downa
The Contemporary View of the Etiology of Down’s Disease
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The article is a brief presentation of contemporary views on the etiology of Down’s disease, including the results of the author’s own investigations.In the introduction the author gives the results of his own investigations on 200 cases of Down’s disease and a group of 200 non-mongoloid mental retardates, which indicated a connection between Down’s disease and the age of the mothers in older age-groups. He informs, after L. S. Penrose, that at present two groups of mongoloids are distinguished. In 75% of the mongoloids, the greater age of the mother is a significant factor in the etiology of Down’s disease. In 25% of the mongoloids, the mother’s age is not significant; other factors, which he discusses are decisive. He gives the frequency of occurrence of chromosome anomalies of the type: trisomia, translocation, mozaicism and others in Down’s disease, basing his information on the results of investigations in the world literature and the Lublin investigations of Mrs. Dobrzańska M. D. He submits the results of the introductory investigations of J. Strojnowski M. D. and his own on the periodicity of births of mongoloids in the Lublin province. These results are similar to those of R. Collman and A. Stoll er in 1962. Finally, he reports that chromosome anomalies are the direct cause of L. Down’s disease. Greater age of the parents appears not to be a cause, but a factor facilitating the arisal of such chromosome anomalies. Other causes of the chromosome anomalies are numerous, inter alia, infections, viruses, chemical substances, x-rays and all other mutagennie factors.
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Niektóre podstawy klasyfikacji metod skalowania w naukach behawioralnych
Certain Bases for Classification of Scaling Methods in the Behavioural Sciences
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The purpose of the communication is to inform Polish readers of an original classification of types of scale, kinds of testing, and scaling methods presented by W. S. Torgerson. The bases of his classification render prominent the various formal and real properties of different types of scaling. The classification emphasizes the specific nature of each method. The importance of the question of scaling in psychology is also indicated in this communication.
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zakłady naukowe na specjalizacji filozoficzno-psychologicznej KUL
Zakłady naukowe na specjalizacji filozoficzno-psychologicznej KUL
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Jan Rzepka
Jan Rzepka
Sprawozdanie z pracy sekcji psychologicznej wykładowcow psychologii w katolickich wyższych uczelniach
Sprawozdanie z pracy sekcji psychologicznej wykładowcow psychologii w katolickich wyższych uczelniach
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recenzje |
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Zenomena Płużek
Zenomena Płużek
Handbook of Clinical Psychology
Handbook of Clinical Psychology
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Józef Pastuszka
Józef Pastuszka
Aristotelis Tractatus De Anima graece et latine
Aristotelis Tractatus De Anima graece et latine
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Jerzy Słrojnowski
Jerzy Słrojnowski
Nerwy i mozg ludzki
Nerwy i mozg ludzki
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Barwa i człowiek
Barwa i człowiek
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Oczy i widzenie
Oczy i widzenie
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Helena Kozłowska
Helena Kozłowska
La caractérologie, à l'âge scientifique
La caractérologie, à l'âge scientifique
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Marian Grabowski
Marian Grabowski
Problemy i metody badań typów układu nerwowego człowieka
Problemy i metody badań typów układu nerwowego człowieka
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Charts from "Cechy osobowości skrupulatow"
Charts from "Cechy osobowości skrupulatow"
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