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Józef Pastuszka
Józef Pastuszka
Koncepcja człowieka-bliźniego w egzystencjalizmie
The Concept of Man as My Neighbour in Existentialism
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The article presents the views of four representatives of existentialism on who is the „man-neighbour, and how one man reacts to another as a human being. B. Pascal believes that man is by nature egoistic and therefore his neighbour disquiets him, for he inclines man to take note of him and to aid him.M. Heidegger holds that man exists „in the world”, that the proper background for human existence is the human race, and therefore man leans towards this background and must live socially; simultaneously the individual is lost in the crowd, extroverts too much and becomes exhausted , in verbosity, curiosity and ambiguous speech. In order to preserve his individuality, the unitary man should keep at a distance from the crowd of „coexistences”, help others and yet be himself.J. P. Sartre thinks that in the nature of man there is enmity to his fellow man. The „neighbour” opposes another man and considers him to be a contradiction of himself. The relations between them are full of conflicts, trickery, for man is basically hostile to his fellow man, and this can be seen, for example, in his views on man. By nature man is solitary and will remain so. Despite this, he must respect the liberty of others and help then.G. Marcel-(a Christian existentialist) supposes that man by his nature is disposed towards God, to contacts with men and to social life. His existence is by nature „coexistence”. The man who has faith in and fidelity to other men already acknowledges the existence of God. The man who devotes himself to other people expands and enriches his own „ego”.
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Zenomena Płużek
Zenomena Płużek
Podstawowe założenia teoretyczne psychologii projekcyjnej
Basic Theoretical Assumptions of Projective Psychology
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In this article the theoretical basis of projective tests is discussed. Psychology has taken many of its assumptions from psychoanalysis and the psychology of personality. The functional, holistic and dynamic nature of the tests is indicated, while the author simultaneously shows that these elements can be found in other trends in the psychology of personality. The concept of personality is very generally described, as also the behaviour and observations which are relevant to the theory of projective psychology. Finally, the general assumptions are discussed and a description of projective tests is given which indicates the double interpretation of test data: the formal analysis of the utterance and the qualitative analysis of the contents. The lack of a suitable method of testing accuracy and reliability of projective methods is emphasized, and this is admitted to be the most serious charge against projective psychology. The problem requires further theoretical considerations, but also empirical investigations.
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Stefan Kunowski
Stefan Kunowski
Psychoterapeutyczne znaczenie kształcenia charakteru u młodzieży
The Psychotherapeutic Significance of Character-Formation in Young People
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The article considers three problems: 1. the aims of mental health as applied to character-formation; 2. the value of character to the mental health of pubescent young people; 3. the bases of character-formation from the view-point of principles of mental hygiene. The developed aims of modern mental hygiene, such as diagnostic, prophylactic, immunizational, and revalidational, are directly connected with character-formation in young people, while the psychotherapeutic aims proper go far beyond this problem in medical and clinical psychotherapy as carried out by physicians and psychologists. However, educational psychotherapy together with group psychotherapy frequently carried out in schools by teachers, and autopsychotherapy in the self-educational process of the young, are essentially connected with self-betterment in the young, and with the formation of a dispositional-directive centre in the individual’s personality. Traditionally in pedagogy this centre has been called moral character; it is a complicated developmental structure, which, based upon a strong will, inhibits drives and puts into practice in the individual’s behaviour, the principles he has received from his environment. Thanks to this, character plays the part of a stabilizer of behaviour, which has particular significance for maturing young people, who at this time are subject to the disorders of frustration, neurotic states, over-excitability and emotional instability; young people then instinctively feel the need to have character and of their own will begin attempts at self-control, in order to attain mental equilibrium. The psychotherapeutic role of character thus gives rise to the formation and persistence of homeostasis in mental experiences. However, in adolescents’ attempts at the betterment of their own characters, the aid of pedagogues is essential to include a programme of controls, consequences, the ability to solve'interior conflicts, to adapt to the environment, to supply motives for volitional acts, the establishment of a hierarchy of values, control of temperament, the channelling of the organism’s energy, the harmonization of inner characteristics. This is because character is formed on the principle of polarity, and mental health requires equilibrium between contradictions, which lead to psychical disorders and pedagogical difficulties with the behaviour and studies of adolescents.
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Angelika Spychalska
Angelika Spychalska
Dorastające dziewczęta w konflikcie zrodzicami
Adolescent Girls in Conflict With Their Parents
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The article is concerned with adolescent-family conflicts. It is based upon empirical material collected by means of the author’s own questionnaire, psychological conversation, interview and the Liischer colour selection test.In the analysis of the question, the symptomatic side of the conflicts experienced was considered, as also their conditioning and the character of their influence on the outlook of those tested. The chief emphasis was placed on the search for reasons: among these were personality-situation factors and data from the anamnesis. Particular attention was paid to the connection between the subject of the conflicts, the way in which they were experienced and resolved, and the age of those tested, the structure of the family, number of siblings, and social origin. The same correlations were sought in personality and situational conditionings.In the final stage of the investigations the author distinguished: 1. conflicts the existence and course of which are explained by changes in the mental development of adolescents and 2. conflicts arising in specific environmental conditions.
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Zofia Sękowska
Zofia Sękowska
Badanie psychologiczne słownika dzieci niewidomych
Psychological Investigations on the Vocabulary of Blind Children
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Experimental investigations of the mentality of the blind were begun by Biir- klen in 1924, but their intensive development has taken place only after the Second World War. Investigations on the mental level, personality and social adaptability have been carried out in the U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Great Britain, Germany, and Japan. In Poland this sphere has been neglected. Horst Suhrweier (1963) in Germany has carried out investigations on the vocabulary of blind children. Comparative investigations on the vocabulary of blind and seeing children in Children’s Homes (orphanages) were carried out for, the present article, by means of the Alice Descoeu- dres test. They demonstrated that the vocabulary of the group of blind children is quantitatively richer than the vocabulary of the group of seeing children. A significant difference was noted in the adjective test, and in the final result of all series of tests — to the advantage of the blind children. This result is rather surprising in view of the impoverishment of cognitional possibilities for blind children, through the absence of visual impressions. However, their vocabulary may be richer because of 1. activization of the cerebral cortex, which appears in the attempt to isolate the essential characteristics of the object experienced, and the wish to compare and find analogies in the experience possessed, 2. the development of processes of higher analysis and synthesis, 3. rich development of a second signals system which facilitates the process of abstraction (Grzegorzewska). The result of the investigations is also conditioned by the high pedagogical-didactical level of the Institute for the Blind in Laski, where the children were investigated.The result of the investigations, therefore, supports the thesis that the blind child is normal mentally; and it also places emphasis upon the possibilities and role of education and learning in mental development. The source of this child’s cognition must in many cases be exhaustive verbal information, connected with action, and by means of cognition based on the law of compensation of the senses. The word, gradually in the development of the child, has a function increasingly generalizing, which in large measure eliminates the need for imagining in the cognitive process and has the dominating role in the formation of new cognitive associations in man (Szuman, Łuria). Particularly striking illustrations of this thesis are the mental development of the deaf and blind (Heten Keller, Laura Bridgman, Olga Skorochodowa).In the pedagogy of the blind, it is essential to act upon the intensive development of speech in blind children, and to enrich their vocabulary. Successes in this sphere may be very great, since the psychological dispositions of the blind predetermine the development of speech. This makes possible the full mental development of these people, since the functional use of the word is the means of the active direction of attention and the processes of analysis, abstraction and synthesis, ąnd thus of adequate mental cognition, despite the impoverishment óf the concrete — sensual cognition of the world, due to the lack of visual elements.
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Janusz Kostrzewski
Janusz Kostrzewski
Stadia rozwoju mowy a choroba L. Downa
Stages in Language Development and Down’s Disease
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The aim of the article is briefly to present the present state of investigations on language development in individuals with Down’s disease, and a discussion of the results of the author’s investigations on the times at, which melody, a word, a short sentence, and childish talk appear in individuals with Down’s disease who are under the care of their parents, as also to learn whether the various stages of language development in Down’s disease are closely connected with the mental age.The author employed the following methods in his investigations: observations (he noted verbal utterances), directed conversation, experiment (the aim was to bring about a verbal reaction by showing attractive toys, pictures, the creation of experimental situations), the use of L. Kaczmarek’s questionnaire for establishing the presence of speech disorders (dyslalia) in children, and interview. The Psyche Cattel Scale and the Stanford-Binet, Scale 1937, Form L., were used to measure intelligence, including language development.The article is based on material from 150 individuals aged 7 months to 32 years. The average age of those tested was 8;2 yrs. In a considerable number of the patients, language development had been followed for several years (up to 10). The mental handicapping of the group investigated varied from severe idiocy (I. Q. = 5) to moronity of the medium degree (I. Q. = 58).Basing himself on the "results of his own investigations, the author gives data on the age of the mongoloids when they begin to coo, babble, say one word, say 2 words and more, utter a 2 — words sentence, a 3 and more word sentence. It states with what mental age the given stage in language development is associated. The investigations show that from the chronological age we cannot predict the appearance of a given stage in language development in individuals with Down’s disease, but from the mental age, the phase can be predicted. The author gives a formula whereby the age of the patient investigated can be calculated, in which he will reach a given stage of language development. He also indicates speach disturbances of the dyslalia type, stuttering agrammatism and difficulties in using adverbs and conjunctions, to be found in Down’s disease. He demonstrates the poverty of abstract concepts in mongoloids.
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Jerzy Strojnowski
Jerzy Strojnowski
Węchomozgowie a osobowość
Rhinencephalon and Personality
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Anatomopathological, physiological and clinical examinations clearly indicate that so-called rhinencephalon, independent of smell, has other, possibly more important functions in the organism. Seuntjens puts forward the hypothesis of the „ammonic sense”, with an anatomical basis in the cornu Ammonis on which affective, intuitional motivation of the behaviour of animals or man depends, in distinction from logical, intellectual, specifically human motivation. The hypothesis is advanced that particularly intensive growth of certain areas of the rhinencephalon in man is connected with the specific type of adaptation necessary to life in a community.
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Niektore czynniki warunkujące rozwiązywanie problemow:
(Badania eksperymentalne)
Some Factors Conditioning the Solution of Problems
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The article is concerned with the question of the process of solving problems and the part played in this process by training and chance. The aim of the investigations is the verification of the hypothesis that the solution of a problem is a process of gradual acquirement and selection of information in agreement with the accepted hypothesis, where so-called chance (an attempt not clearly directed by a definite hypothesis) and training play an important role. Experimental investigations were carried out 32 persons tested received 30 problems of the same type and degree of difficulty successively. The idea of the experiment was borrowed from J. Bruner, J. Goodnow, and G. Austin (A Study of Thinking). But the author’s own modifications were introduced into the plan of the investigations. Each experiment followed the same pattern: the investigator formed a „conception” according to precisely defined rules, and the task of the individual tested was to discover this conception, also according to previously strictly defined rules. The repetition — 30 times — of the same problems gave scope for the observation of changes, development and perfection of methods of solving problems. In these experiments, it was aimed to investigate very elementary detection and invention, and to follow this process in simplified problems. An undoubted advantage of these investigations was that the problems given to those tested were precisely formulated and all attempts made during the problem — solving were objectively and accurately recorded, and could be reconstructed successively by the investigator.It is, of course, true, that in these experiments only a narrow section of the manifold and various forms of human thinking could be investigated, but it appears that the results obtained in the experiment confirm the suppositions put forward in the introduction to the article. The present investigations could be a starting — point for the better understanding of the problem — solving mechanism. Further investigations will deepen our knowledge of this question.
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Z. Chlewiński, Wł. Prężyna, J. Strojnowski
Z. Chlewiński
Problematyka psychologii osobowości na Zjeździe Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego w Toruniu
Problematyka psychologii osobowości na Zjeździe Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego w Toruniu
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Boguchwał Winid
Boguchwał Winid
Psychoanalysis and Religion
Psychoanalysis and Religion
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Józef Pastuszka
Józef Pastuszka
O typach motywacji w nawiązaniu do nauki św. Tomasza (Badania eksperymentalne)
O typach motywacji w nawiązaniu do nauki św. Tomasza (Badania eksperymentalne)
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Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Psycho-sociologie de l'appartenance religieuse
Psycho-sociologie de l'appartenance religieuse
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Jerzy Strojnowski
Jerzy Strojnowski
Psychologie in biologischer Sicht
Psychologie in biologischer Sicht
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Jerzy Strojnotvski
Jerzy Strojnotvski
Folie et deraison. Histoire de la folie à l’áge classique (These principals pour le doctorat es lettres)
Folie et deraison. Histoire de la folie à l’áge classique (These principals pour le doctorat es lettres)
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Henryk Andrzejczak
Henryk Andrzejczak
La Nature Humaine. Actes du XI-e Congrès des Sociétés de Philosophie de Langue Française
La Nature Humaine. Actes du XI-e Congrès des Sociétés de Philosophie de Langue Française
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Edmund Leszczuk
Edmund Leszczuk
Rozwój młodzieży
Rozwój młodzieży
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Józef Stachyrn
Józef Stachyrn
Afazija i puti jejo preodolenija
Afazija i puti jejo preodolenija
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Stanisław Mazierski
Stanisław Mazierski
Czy filozofia przyrody inspiracji arystotelesowsko-tomistycznej jest tzw. nauką pośrednią?
Is Natural Philosophy as Inspired by Aristotle and St. Thomas a So-Called Intermediary Science?
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In this article, the author attempts to answer the questions: 1. Is traditional natural philosophy really an intermediary science? 2. What is the source of the difference in views on the place of natural philosophy among other philosophic disciplines?On the basis of texts from St. Thomas Aquinas, chiefly from. In librum Boethii de, Trinitale and from the Commentary to the Physics of Aristotle, the author demonstrates that from the historical point of view, traditional natural philosophy cannot be regarded as an intermediary science as Ph. Selvaggi believes. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the intermediary sciences were, above all, astronomy, geometrical optics and music. Aristotle himself and St. Thomas Aquinas never treated traditional physics as an intermediary science.The reason why some neoscholastics put natural philosophy in the first degree and others place it in the third degree of abstraction is that the difference between the Stagirite and Aquinas—as regards the description of material beings in normal language and the explanation of the structure and changes in these beings bÿ mèans of a metaphysical system of concepts — has not been fully realized. Those who find the centre of gravity of natural philosophy in a description of the material world including matter knowable by the senses; put natural philosophy in the first degree of abstraction, and those who emphatize the explanation of material reality with help of metaphysics place it in the third degree of abstraction.Although traditional natural philosophy employs metaphysical terms, it should be placed in the first degree of abstraction, since it differs from metaphysics in its method of defining concepts.
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Kazimierz Kłósak
Kazimierz Kłósak
Pojęcie przedmiotu filozofii przyrody u autorow spoza nurtu neoscholastycznego
Les Conceptions de l’Objet de la Philosophie de la Nature Chez les Auteurs en Dehors du Mouvement Néo-Scolastique
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On peut assembler de cette façon les conceptions de l’objet de la philosophie de la nature qui se trouvent en dehors du mouvement néo-scolastique, en les groupant par les courants qui sont le plus éloignés dans leur contenu des concepts de la néo-scolastique: a) les conceptions, selon lesquelles la philosophie de la nature doit constituer la représentation synthétique des résultats les plus généraux à laquelle arrivent les sciences naturelles (Erich Becher, Bernhard Bavink dans la première phase de ses opinions, Adam Schaff et les autres marxistes, Raymond Ruyer);b) les conceptions de la philosophie de la nature, qui en dehors de la fonction de la représentation synthétique de plus généraux résultats des sciences naturelles lui accordent encore une analyse épistémologique et méthodologique de la connaissance scientifique (Wilhelm Ostwald, Wladislas Biegański);c) les conceptions de la philosophie de la nature qui la réduisent entièrement à une analyse épistémologique et méthodologique de la connaissance scientifique (E. W. Beth, Auguste Guzzo);d) les conceptions de la philosophie de la nature qui englobent dans une certaine mesure lès questions qui se trouvent en dehors des recherches d’un naturaliste et d’un théoricien des connaissances scientifiques (Bavink dans la période plus tardive de sa vie, Boleslas Gawęcki, Joachim Metallman, Nicolai Hartmann).Quelles sont les remarques au sujet de ces conceptions si nous les prennons séparément?Aujourd’hui, nous pouvons apercevoir, sans difficultés, ce qu’on n’a pas vu auparavant à cause de certaines circonstances historiques qu’il y a un autre objet de la recherche scientifique quand pour le but des considérations philosophiques* nous prennons les sciences naturelles — et un autre quand ce but est formé par les méditations philosophiques au sujet de la nature.D’où, contrairement à ce que prétendait Bavink dans Die Hauptfragen der heutigen Naturphilosophie (Berlin 1928) nous ne pouvons pas découvrir dans la théorie générale de la connaissance, appliquée d’habitude à des sciences naturelles et de la méthodologie générale des sciences, aucune partie intégrale de la philosophie de la nature. Gomme a remarqué Gawęcki, „la dénomination de la philosophie ou de la théorie des sciences naturelles et non pas des sciences tout court, semble être plus juste pour la critique des notions élémentaires et des principes [des sciences avant tout naturelles].“ Dans la littérature philosophique polonaise, Henri Struve remarquait déjà que „la philosophie de la nature et la philosophie des sciences naturelles — ce sont deux branches tout à fait distinctes qui se complètent réciproquement mais on ne doit pas les confondre“.Puis, il faut dire au sujet de la conception de la philosophie de la nature comme d’une synthèse des résultats des sciences naturelles que si une telle synthèse aurait été réalisée, elle serait „quelque chose de neuf ce qu’on ne trouve pas encore dans les résultats mêmes des sciences spéciales“, mais, pourtant, on ne pourrait pas appeler la philosophie de la nature une science qui représenterait une telle synthèse, car elle ne s’occuperait pas des problèmes d’autre ordre en comparaison avec les problèmes des sciences naturelles. On ne peut pas oublier les difficultés qu’on trouve en liaison avec les perceptions du but de la philosophie de la nature dans la réalisation de la synthèse des résultats des sciences naturelles. Metallman connaissait bien ces difficultés. Il voit une difficulté en ce que cette synthèse devrait se faire avec le facteur de la sélection, liée avec certains points de vue conducteurs; cependant, les sciences naturelles ne nous montreront pas ces points de vue et c’est pourquoi „elles ne nous amèneront pas ni à l’une ni à l’autre synthèse“, qui est possible seulement quand on fixe l’objet à la philosophie de la nature. Metallman voit une autre difficulté dans l’union des résultats des sciences naturelles en une image incontestable, dont la formation est seulement possible après l’éloignement de certaines hypothèses des sciences naturelles, par conséquent de tout cela ce que dans les sciences de la nature suscite de nouveaux problèmes et pousse à résoudre. Enfin, si la dite synthèse doit lier dans sa trame des hypothèses, même si ces hypothèses en prennent la première place, c’est ainsi, affirme Metallman, la philosophie de la nature, concentrée à la formation de cette synthèse „serait une fonction non seulement des sciences naturelles comme une science positive de la nature, mais en même temps une fonction des hypothèses particulières physiques, biologiques ou cosmologiques. Elle dépenderait de leur sort, du succès des certaines méthodes de la recherche“.
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Włodzimierz Sedlak
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Filozoficzna problematyka elektromagnetycznej przestrzeni
The Philosophical Implications of an Electromagnetic Space
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The article is a philosophical attempt to solve the problem of quantum space. The problem has not been solved by experiment nor by arithmetical formalism so that the author makes use of analogy. The starting-point is the electromagnetic wave (EM). Hitherto, our ideas about the EM wave are the result of macroscopic mathematical operations. The EM wave should be subjected to logical analysis and abstraction if we wish to grasp its essential features. The essential features may be considered as: 1. the dualism of the energie natures E and H, 2. the perpendicular relation E ┴ H, 3. the impossibility of determining the priority of E or H (electromagnetic unidentifity), 4. the most generally accepted symmetry E = h (E = not H) and H = Ē (H = not E), 5. the passage is made from E to H and from H to E by reflection and turning in another plane, 6. the passage is made through „electromagnetic zero“, 7. an element of the EM wave is E ┴ W ┴ H, where W is the vector of propagation, 8. an element of the EM wave realizes tetradic geometry, generally quadrupol (fig. 1 and 2).The elementary unit of space also probably realizes tetradic geometry. We shall continue to call the hypothetical quantum of electromagnetic space a magnel (abbrev. mgl.). It corresponds to a quadrupol. The author analyses the constructive geometry of a tetrahedron. Two polar sections, perpendicular to each other, at a distance W, give the tetrahedron of forces, in other words the quadrupol. The construction of a tetrahedron is an example of the passage from one dimension to space.What type of geometry is there in matter? For the appraisal of crystalline bodies the right tetrahedron is generally accepted (fig. 3). In certain conditions matter is always crystalline. Many crystalochemical substances have a tetradic configuration (table 1). At least 90% of matter has tetradic geometry. The spaces between the maximum close — packing of atoms are also tetrahedrons (fig. 4).Within the atomic nucleus we find tetradic geometry on the basis of the quadrupol electric moment. Complete atoms also give out quadrupol radiation. The form of the system is concluded from the radiation. Matter in quantities increasing from the atomic nucleus up to the crystalochemical groups, uses tetradic geometry. Similarly it can be assumed that the same geometry is in force within the scale of a quantum of space — a magnel — just as on a megascopic scale. A ray of light does not go round the Universe on the inner side of a sphere, as Einstein held, but on the inner plane of a tetrahedron (fig. 5) and thus in a closed system of 3 hyperbola.The arisal of a photon depends on the zero movement of a vacuum (the interior movement of a magnel). It polarizes neighbouring magnels. In view of the symmetry of matter and the tetradic geometry of matter, there ought to exist magnels (fig. 6a) and antimagnels (fig. 6b). The antimagnel is an ideal figure of infinitely thin walls separating 4 negative hyperboidal planes. Polarisation is transferred as a fluctuation of the vacuum. With interference and superposition of fluctuation energetic condensation may arise. The springy deformation of the magnel gives the quantum of radiation EM. The photon moves like the recombination wave of the magnel. The return to the normal granularity of space is linked with the emission of the photon. The laws of condensation of energy and geometrical contraction are general laws of matter from the magnel through elementary particles (the arisal of pairs and annihilation), atomic nuclei, atoms, to nebulae inclusive. The effect is the same — the emission of a quantum of light.The author discusses the method of analogy which he has used. It is based on three principles: abstraction, proper analogy, interpolation. By abstraction essential elements, in this case the EM wave, are comprehended. By analogy, the results of abstraction are applied to matter of another order of size. Interpolation fills in the missing elements in some level (fig. 7). A philosophical method so conceived, for investigating physical phenomena, may be useful in cases where it is not possible to use the experimental method, or where a formal method is missing.
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