221.
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Issue: 32
林義 正
Yih-Jing Lin
論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法──以《春秋》的詮釋為例
Aims and Methods in Hermeneutic Interpretations of the Chinese Classics—the case of the Chunqiu
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目前中國學界在西方詮釋學的激盪下,對自家傳統經典的詮釋活 動開始進行反省:到底中國經典詮釋是怎樣進行的?本文以《春秋》 的詮釋為例,論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法,並依以下各節:一、前 言,二、《春秋》經籍的詮釋體式,三、《春秋》詮釋歷程的轉折,四、經典詮釋的目的面向,五、經典詮釋的方法面向,六、結論,企圖揭開中國經典詮釋活動的底蘊。在《春秋》的詮釋學裡,要對孔子為何 作《春秋》?如何作《春秋》?是作經還是修史?方法是借事明義?還是直書其事?其意是新周還是從周?等諸問題作說明,其實這些都 關聯著詮釋的目的與方法。傳統《春秋》類的著作表現在詮釋、書法、 批評與考訂四個方面上,詮釋著眼於義,書法著眼於文,批評與考訂 著眼於文本原義與史事真實的考究。傳統對《春秋》的詮釋總是離不 開詮釋者的目的與方法,目的在致用者,其方法採取託比或見指不任 辭的方式,不免以己意解經,其失也誣,故有回歸本義之舉;通本義 與致其用往往構成經典詮釋目的的兩端,因應詮釋目的的兩端,在方 法上也就有了即事存真與借事致用二式,這便是中國經典詮釋活動的 底蘊。
Under the stimulus of Western hermeneutics, Chinese scholars have begun to reflect upon the basis of their own tradition of hermeneutical interpretation. This paper discusses the hermeneutic basis of interpreting the Chinese classics with reference to the Chunqiu, in four sections: (1) Introduction, (2) Forms of interpretation, (3) Changes of direction in interpretation, (4) Aims of interpretation, (5) Methods of interpretation, (6) Conclusion. Hermeneutical studies of the Chunqiu raise the following questions: why and how Confucius composed the Chunqiu, was this a composition or revision of history, did he use events to reveal ethical meaning or did he record events faithfully, did he aim to revitalize the Zhou or simply followed the Zhou? These questions involve aims and methods of hermeneutical interpretation. Traditional works on the Chunqiumanifestly concern interpretation, forms of writing, criticism and evidence. These involve, respectively, meaning, literary form, origins of text and meaning, and accuracy of historical events. Thus, traditional interpretations are inseparable from aims and methods. Aims could be based on motive of use or application and methods could be based on analogical comparisons. However, these lead to subjective interpretations and misunderstandings. This gives rise to the thought that there is a need to go back to understanding original meanings. Thus, in terms of aims, we invariably find these two extremes of motive of use or application on the one hand, and understanding original meaning on the other. Similarly, in terms of method, there is the idea of preserving the truth of events on the one hand, and the motive of use or application on the other. This is the underlying basis of the problem of hermeneutic interpretation of the Chinese classics.
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王曉 波
Hsiao-Po Wang
論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法──以《春秋》的詮釋為例
Tao Generating the Law: The Philosophy of Tao and the Law in the Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor
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一九七三年出土的《黃帝四經》,帶動了近三十年的戰國黃老思想 的研究。有了《黃帝四經》,學者才得以看到史稱「黃老」之「黃」。《黃帝四經》的內容正是太史公所稱「因陰陽之大順,采儒墨之 善,撮名法之要」的道家,是以老子的哲學整合春秋各家學術思想,而開啟了戰國的「黃老之學」。自子產「鑄刑書」、晉「鑄刑鼎」,李悝「造法經」,春秋戰國時代 成為宗法封建轉向法治專制的時代,《黃帝四經》反映了以老子哲學整 合各家學說的時代思想,影響了戰國法家慎到、申不害、韓非。
The Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor , unearthed 1973 in Mawangdui, leads the way of the study of Huang-lao thought since. And with it, the Huang of historian’s Huang-lao came to the eyes of scholars nowadays.Contents of The Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor are exactly the description of Taoists by Tai Shi Gong (Historian of the Emperor) that “bending to the alternation of Yin and Yang, adopting the positive aspects of Confucianism and Mohism, summing up the essentials of the school of Min (Names) and Fa (Legalist).” Therefore the philosophy of Lao Tzu integrated thoughts of all school of Chung Qiu Era, and lading the foundation of the study of Huang-lao thought in the following Warring States period.Zichan casted the Penal code, Jin Dynasty had the Penal Tripod, and Li Kui wrote Bible of Legalists, all spelled out the transformation of the society of patriarchal feudalism to that of legalist monarchy. In The Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor we see the thought of that era, that is thoughts of every school of that period integrated with Lao Tzu Philosophy, which had its effect on Shen Dao, Sheng Bu Hai and Han Fei, legalists of the Warring States Period.
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蔡耀 明
Yao-Ming Tsai
「不二中道」學說相關導航概念的詮釋進路 以佛法解開生命世界的全面實相 在思惟的導引為詮釋線索
Interpretative Approach to Navigating Concepts Concerning the Doctrine of Nondual Middle Way Maneuver into Buddhist Approach to UnfoldongThorough Reality of the Life World
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本文試圖以解開生命世界的全面實相在思惟的導引為詮釋線索,闡明佛法「不二中道」學說用以建構的關鍵概念,包括不二、中道、非我、無常、生滅、緣起、空性,而這些深具導航作用的概念,其意 涵的詮釋進路一經打通,在排除觀念迷航的基礎上,不僅可藉以理解 佛法以「不二中道」為標幟所要彰顯學說的基本思惟方針與實踐旨趣,而且在思惟明燈的逐一點燃下,還可藉以續航在生命世界的實相 大海。深受相對概念的影響,二分式的或二極化的思惟形態或觀點,在 日常語言、哲學思辨、宗教論說,不僅無孔不入,甚至早已鑲嵌成思 惟或觀點的基本結構,很容易被視為理所當然,而難以覺察,且難以 甩脫。以檢查且揚棄二分式的思惟形態而起家的不二中道,其基本概 念與基本議題通通不落俗套,不論在哲學或宗教,都提出開創式的做法,一方面,提供獨特的眼光,從基本的結構,檢視哲學或宗教的嵌 入招式,另一方面,也開闢出哲學或宗教可以走的或許更加深刻、通 暢、或長遠的道路。本文最主要的任務,在於解明「為什麼將生命世界看成不二中 道」,「如何看成不二中道」,以及「看成怎樣的不二中道」。基於以達 成這一系列的任務為重,研究方法的工作要項即落在概念的釐清,議 題的解析,意涵的闡明,以及理路的鋪陳。在論述架構的安排,由強調不二中道和全面實相為宗教哲學或生命哲學極富創意的基本概念入手,先做關鍵概念的界說和釐清,尤其 區別於二元主義、一元主義、和多元主義,凸顯不二中道的非實體觀 念以及從根本揚棄二分式的思惟形態。接下來,一方面,避免廉價的 嫁接或庸俗的套用;另一方面,除了強調以佛教經典專業修煉的經驗為詮釋所依據的網絡配備,還特別闡明思惟的多重向度之開啟,不僅 讓詮釋工作的張力較有機會淋漓盡致發揮出來,也是抽絲剝繭地揭示 實相的一項利器。本文主幹的部分,按照非我、無常、生滅、緣起、空性、中道的 順序,這些都是佛教哲學極具特色的基本概念,串連成共構的主軸,猶如一系列導航的概念,基調在於拆解日常語言的慣用所衍生的遮 蔽、限定、或封閉,包括對象化、事物化、個體化、外殼化、區別化、概念化等問題,從而由縱貫的取向一躍而入,搭配因緣生滅變化的視角,將生命世界的實相,一層又一層揭露開來。在這一連串由基本概 念接續運作的進程,一棒接著一棒,登向巔峰的,正好是不二中道,亦即,拆解相對概念的區別化,從區別化的對峙與桎梏掙脫而出,傾 全力打通緣生緣滅的接連環節,進而趨向覺悟和涅槃。若以佛教解脫 道骨幹經典的《阿含經》為依據,不勝枚舉的經證在在顯示,不二中 道藉由非實體觀念,從個體的閉鎖獲得釋放,並且藉由非二分式的思 惟形態,從周遭邊界的封閉得到釋放,以如釋重負的姿態,心無旁騖 地導向縱貫的因緣生滅的變化之流,生命世界的實相就這樣一一豁顯而出。
The purpose of this paper is to present Nondual Middle Way as guidance in ways of navigating to unfold Thorough Reality of the Life World, and to explain the intent and rationale of Nondual Middle Way in Buddhist doctrine.With expediency and prevalence of comparison and contrast, dichotomous ways of thinking and viewpoints have not only taken root in philosophical thinking and religious discourses, but have also been absorbed into the basic structure of everyday life, and are easily taken for granted and thus hard to detect or throw away. With its uniqueness of basic concepts and basic issues, Nondual Middle Way, originating from the inclination to spot and drop dichotomous ways of thinking, offers a creative point of view for bothphilosophy and religion. This unusual way of thinking is able to provide an extraordinary viewpoint to inspect the basic structures of philosophy and religion, and thus point out a way that might lead to further and deeper discussion in both fields.The undertaking of this paper is to answer the following questions: “Why should we view the life world as Nondual Middle Way?”, “How can we view it as Nondual Middle Way?”, and “As what kind of Nondual Middle Way should we view it?” In order to answer the series of questions, the major methods employed in this paper focus on differentiating concepts, analyzing issues, elucidating connotation, and constructing argument.Concerning the configuration of discourses, this paper firstly define and make clear major concepts by emphasizing that Nondual Middle Way and Thorough Reality are very innovative basic concepts for philosophy of religion and philosophy of life. In order to emphasize the idea of non-substantiality and to drop dichotomous ways of thinking from the very beginning, Nondual Middle Way is distinguished from dualism, monism, and pluralism. Then this paper seeks to exclude easy borrowings and rough copies of ideas. In addition, experience of practicing Buddhist teachings as a profession in accordance with related scriptures is also taken seriously as a reference for interpretation.Moreover, for the sake of making a more pertinent interpretation and to reveal Thorough Reality layer by layer, great emphasis is put on the explanation ofmethods of unlocking multi-faceted ways of thinking.The main subject matter of this paper is composed in sequence of concepts such as not-self, impermanence, birth and death, dependent arising (dependent origination), emptiness, and middle way. These distinctive concepts in Buddhist philosophy collectively form an axis that is set to remove shades, limits, and seals, such as problems of objectification, reification, individualization, demarcation, discrimination, and conceptualization, which derive from the daily language that are commonly used. From the point of view of conditioned arising and ceasing, the Thorough Reality of the life world is revealed layer by layer. And it is precisely Nondual Middle Way that pushesthese basic concepts rolling, settles problems of comparison and contrast, breaks free from the tension and limitation of discrimination, makes a breakthrough in a series of conditioned arising and ceasing, and leads to Enlightenment and Nirvā a in the end. Various examples in the Āgama Sūtras show that the idea of non-substantiality helps to free Nondual Middle Way from seals of individualization, and by non-dichotomous ways of thinking, borders around Nondual Middle Way are removed. Nondual Middle Way is thus able to approach the variations of causal conditions, and the Thorough Reality of the life world is thus unfolded.
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陳平 坤
Ping – Kun Chen
《呂氏春秋》與《淮南子》的感應思維
The Thinking of Resonance (Kan-Ying) in Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Huai-nan Tzu
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《呂氏春秋》與《淮南子》是秦漢時期以道家哲學為主軸的兩部 重要典籍。本文扣緊「感應」思維、以及其所涉及的義理問題,嘗試 分析與探討呈現在這兩部著作中的感應論述,而希望能對這個議題展 開稍進一步的思索。本文首先解釋「感應」觀念之義涵,接著指出感應思維所關注的 哲學問題重點,然後以此理解為背景,開始分析《呂氏春秋》以「類 同」為基本規定的「精氣」感應論述,以及探討《淮南子》從氣類相 動到天人感通的感應思想,並且重點指出繼承《呂氏春秋》的「用意」、致「誠」等,足以獲致感應最大效果的主體修為之外,而為後者所較詳細強調的「無為」、「虛靜」等功夫涵養。最後,本文則是針對與感 應思維有關的「歷時性」(Diachrony)與「同時性」(Synchronicity) 二概念,進行初步論究,藉以揭出在感應思維之領域內所可能開發的 其他研究課題。
Based on Taoism, Lu shi chun qiu and Huai-nan tzu are two classics of the Qin and Han dynasties. This study is centered on the thinking regarding “Resonance” (Kan-Ying) and the philosophical views it involves. The study also analyzes and discusses the statements of resonant thinking in these two literary texts to offer an insight into this issue.Starting with explaining the concept of “Resonance”, the study then points out the philosophical issues that resonant thinking focuses on. In this context, the study analyses the resonant statement of “Essence-Energy” (Jing-Qi), which is a fundamental principle of “similarity and sameness” in Lu shi chun qiu. Then, it discusses the resonant thought of the “joint movement of Energy” and “Communication between humans and the universe” in Huai-nan tzu. In addition, it illustrates that the inherited concepts of “single-hearted devotion” and “complete sincerity” can achieve the maximum effect of resonance in Lu shi chun qiu, and the idea that the “complete sincerity” emphasizes the ability to exercise “non-action” and to maintain “emptiness-tranquility” in detail.Finally, the study explores the concepts of “Diachrony” and “Synchronicity” related to resonant thinking so as to develop some other possible issues of philosophical research in the field of resonant thinking.
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傅佩 榮
Pei-Jung Fu
《老子》首章的文義商榷
The First Chapter of Lao Zi
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《老子》首章的斷句問題,一直存在著爭議。本文依據帛書本《老 子》,並參考王弼注本,斷其內文為「無名,有名」,「無欲,有欲」, 並且申論其義理之合宜性。目的是希望學術界研究《老子》者,今後 能在ㄧ可靠的文本上進行深入研究。
The reading of the first chapter of Lao Zi is still debatable. Based on Bo-shu Lao-Zi, the earliest edition of Lao Zi which recorded this first chapter, and Wang Bi’s edition of Lao Zi, the present article would maintain that the reading of “wu ming” (without a name) and “yo ming” (with a name), “wu yu” (without desire) and “yo yu” (with desire), is more justifiable than the reading of “wu” (non-being) and “yo” (being).
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杜保 瑞
Bau-Ruei Duh
朱熹形上思想的創造意義與當代爭議的解消
The Metaphysics of Chu-Hsi
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本文討論朱熹形上思想,說明其有繼承北宋儒學的必要性及義理 創作的特殊性,更有與其工夫論不同思路的獨立性。首先討論勞思光 先生及牟宗三先生對朱熹的批評意見,對於勞先生的心性論中心之解 釋架構對朱熹存有論義的形上學的批評,指出勞先生的心性論中心亦 須包含形上學議題之意旨,而朱熹之形上學意見可以不混入工夫論 而有其獨立意義。對於牟宗三先生以朱熹存有論不負擔創生實踐功 能,指出牟先生的問題意識是工夫實踐以至境界完成而非存有論思 路,而朱熹是在談論存有論,因此不必受到這樣的批評。其次討論形 上學概念在當代學界的使用定義,藉由區分實踐哲學的功夫境界論及 形上學的宇宙論本體論和存有論的概念使用意義,以說明朱熹形上思 想遭受批評的原因,並為朱熹澄清。接著說明朱熹特殊具有創造性意 義的存有論形上學觀點,討論朱熹的理氣概念架構以說天地萬物的存有論架構,指出這是特殊的形上學論題,並毋須與工夫論議題混為一 談。並就人存有者而言,說明朱熹以性善說為宗旨說本體論及人性論、 並藉性氣結構說人的為惡現象、以及在人的氣稟限制中說命定論、及 朱熹對整個儒學史的人性論理論意見之重整系統、最後落實於以心統 性情說以確立道德實踐主體的存有架構,文中指出這一部份的討論正 是朱熹集北宋儒學之大成,並最能徹底解決儒家性善說的形上學問題 的創作系統,應予清晰解讀及準確理解。本文藉由形上學問題意識的 釐清,來說清楚朱熹所談的形上學問題,用以區隔朱熹工夫論的發言,並避免當代學者從工夫論進路批評朱熹不如象山及陽明學的意見。
Neo-Confucianism has now been well-known by the western society, for its influence on Chinese culture is immense. Among its proponents, Master Chu-Hsi is the most influential among them, the reason of which can be attributed to his fully speculative viewpoints and his comprehensive senses of philosophy problems. In Chu-Hsi’s theory, metaphysics is his most creative contribution to Confucianism. However, it is susceptible to being miss-understood by his contemporaries and today’s scholars, for his basic concerns about the metaphysics are so much different from the other Confucians. While the theory of the reality and the value are concerned by all the Confucian philosophers and they had provided many different yet profoundly metaphysical systems, Master Chu-Hsi notices the problems of the definitions of all the concepts concerning the reality and the ultimate value and develops a new metaphysical system discussing the problems of the reality of the whole Being in the universal, the moral potential difference between people and the animal.In this article the author is going to introduce Master Chu-Hsi’s metaphysical constructions and creations. The discussion will be proceeded as follows: (1) the reflection of the modern interpretational systems, (2) the definition of the concept of metaphysics in Chinese philosophy, (3) the original questions of Chu-Hsi’s metaphysical thinking, (4) the theory of the whole Being of the Universal, (5) the theory of human nature and the explanation of why the moral ability is different in the human beings, (6) the existential difference between human creatures and the animals, and (7) the meaning of the contribution of Chu-Hsi’s metaphysics in the history of the development of Confucianism.
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王文 方
Wen-Fang Wang
虛擬條件句理論述評
Comments on Theories of Subjunctive Conditionals
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本文解釋、並評論了從1940 年代至1970 年代中幾個重要的、有 關於虛擬條件句的理論。這些包括可共同性支撐理論、嚴格條件句理 論、世界選擇語意論、集合選擇語意論、與範圍語意論。我駁斥了可 共同性支撐理論、嚴格條件句理論與世界選擇語意論,同時論證說,某種形式的集合選擇語意論或範圍語意論是到目前為止最為合理的理 論。連帶地,我論證說,VW 系統是到目前為止最合理的虛擬條件句 邏輯系統。在本文的餘論中,我進一步指出了這些語意論在科學哲學、小說討論、與確定描述詞理論中的可能應用。
This paper explains and comments on the most important theories of subjunctive conditionals from 1940s to 1970s. These include cotenability theory, strict conditional theory, world selection semantics, class selection semantics and sphere semantics. I refute cotenability theory, strict conditional theory and world selection semantics as inadequate, while argue that some versions of class selection semantics or sphere semantics are the best semantic theories among all that we have seen for subjunctive conditionals. Accordingly, I also argue that Lewis’s VW is the most satisfactory logic system for subjunctive conditionals among all the systems we have checked. In the final part of the paper, I point out some applications of these semantic theory to fiction discourse, definite descriptions and topics in philosophy of science.
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苑舉 正
Jeu-Jenq Yuann
「無知的理解」:蘇格拉底與盧梭的兩種德行觀
The Understanding of Ignorance: Socrates and Rousseau’s Two Views of Virtue
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「無知的理解」(the understanding of ignorance)可以視作一種對 於蘇格拉底思想的表達方式。盧梭即曾經在他的〈論科學與藝術〉中,直接以這種表達方式,作為蘇格拉底有關「德行」論述的代表思想。本文主要的論證,在於說明,盧梭引用蘇格拉底在《辯護篇》(Apology) 中的章節,並非全然為發展自己觀點所作,而確實符合蘇格拉底有關 「德行」的看法。然而,在如是說的同時,我們並不因此而認為蘇格 拉底與盧梭抱持著相同的「德行觀」。我們企圖指出,雖然這兩位哲學 家的德行觀皆與「無知」相關,但是在針對「德行為何?」這個問題 上,兩人各自有不同的看法。所以,我們擬在「無知的理解」的這個 主要標題之下,區分這兩位哲學家有關「德行」的論述。在行文過程 中,我們先看盧梭的引文,並且提出一些文獻,說明針對這一部份所 引發的對立觀點。然後,我們將針對蘇格拉底的「德行觀」做論述。我們將先針對「蘇格拉底的思想」與「以蘇格拉底為代表所表達的柏 拉圖思想」之間作區隔後,解析「統一的德行即知識」與「無知的理 解」這兩個概念。然後,我們將依照類似的架構,闡述盧梭的「德行觀」。最後,我們將從盧梭的角度,說明在其〈論科學與藝術〉中,引用蘇格拉底的觀點,成功地將「無知即德行」引伸成為「自然賦予 人德行」觀點外,也表達了他本人與蘇格拉底在「德行觀」上的精神 契合。
“Ignorance” is generally considered a simplified form of expressing Socrates’ philosophy. Rousseau, once cited this expression in his Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, has explicitly portrayed it as the core idea of Socrates’ view of virtue. The main argument of this paper will proceed to prove that passages of Apology cited by Rousseau are not made intentionally to further develop his own ideas. Instead, they do manifest an essential part of Socrates’ view of virtue. Having proved so, we nonetheless aware also that Socrates and Rousseau remain to be different concerning their views of virtue. They both hold “ignorance” being crucial in ethical significance; yet differ in its reference.Hence, we endeavor to distinguish their views on the basis of the label “understanding ignorance to be virtuous”. In the order of this article, we will proceed to see first of all Rousseau’s citation of Socrates’ words. Then, we move to a documentary analysis concerning the divergent opinions about this citation. After that, we illustrate Socrates’ view of virtue by distinguishing Socrates’ own thought from that of Plato in the persona of Socrates. With this distinction, we then approach to an examination of “the unity of virtue is knowledge” and “the understanding of ignorance”. With a similar structure of analysis, we finally come to the exposition of Rousseau’s view of virtue. We will vindicate that inDiscourse on the Sciences and Arts, Rousseau successfully extended Socrates’ ideas from “admitting ignorance” to that “nature makes all people virtuous”. With this success, this article, while making explicit the divergence of their views of virtue, demonstrates a “spiritual correspondence” between Socrates and Rousseau.
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林遠 澤
Yuan-Tse Lin
論康德定言令式的共識討論結構──試從理性存有者的道德觀點闡述康德的 先驗規範邏輯學
The Consensual Structure of the Categorical Imperative in Kantian Ethics -An Explication of the Transcendental Norm Logic from the Perspective of a Rational Agent
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本文嘗試把康德在《道德底形上學之基礎》中對於「定言令式」 的分析,理解成一門闡釋道德判斷之理性基礎的「先驗規範邏輯學」。在涉及行動決定的倫理學領域中,理性討論的證成活動被康德理解成 一種純粹意志的根源性行動。這種在定言令式中表達出來的純粹意志的 根源性行動,為我們的意志決定與行動的正當性提出理性的證成基礎。本文將分別透過純粹意志的「理念」與「原則」,說明康德如何基 於定言令式的理念,闡發吾人做為一理性存有者所必然擁有的先天道 德判斷知識,以及他如何透過定言令式在不同程式中的表達,建構了 關於道德正確性的具體判斷原則。透過對於康德先驗規範邏輯學的闡述,本文將進一步指出,康德 以「定言令式」做為道德的基本原則,在其可普遍化的道德判準中,事實上隱含了一個追求共識的理想化討論結構。這與當代學者試圖將 康德倫理學轉化成開放地參與公民社會的正義理論,具有內在的理論 一致性。
In this article I interpret Kant's "Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten" as a transcendental norm logic. The rationality of moral judgements is seen to be based on the idea and the principle of pure practical reason. But we find also that Kant does not succeed in separating this idea and principle from psychology and anthropology.The rational authority of moral duty can be shown only in actually open discourse which consists of giving good reasons for actions. The consensus structure of the pure will allows for the universalization of moral judgements. My attempt is to draw this connection in a reconstructive manner.
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Caleb Y. Liang
梁益堉 *
Conceptualism and Phenomenal Character
概念論與現象特性
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Consider two of the central debates in the contemporary philosophy of mind: the debate between representationalism and anti-representationalism about phenomenal character, and the debate between conceptualism and nonconceptualism about the content of experience. The former, the qualia debate, centers on whether the phenomenal character of conscious experience is exhausted by its representational content. The latter is about whether conceptual capacities are constitutive of the representational content of perceptual experience such that the only kind of content that perceptual experience possesses is conceptual content. Most philosophers consider these two debates as unrelated, or at least should be treated separately. In this paper, I argue that there is an obvious and important sense in which the two issues are related. More specifically, if one accepts conceptualism, it would impose a significant constraint on what position one is allowed to take in the qualia debate. First, I suggest that once it is made clear that conceptualism can be considered as a particular version of representationalism, the conceptualist would have to take a certain stance on whether there are nonintentional qualia. The reason why the conceptualist needs to worry about the qualia issue is that if in addition to intentional content perceptual experiences also contain nonintentional qualia as constituents, then perceptual experiences cannot be fully conceptual. Second, I argue that although in McDowellian conceptualism the content of perceptual experience is construed in terms of Fregean sense rather than internal mental representation, it still faces challenges from the Inverted Earth argument against representationalism. My goal is not to show that conceptualism fails, but to show that it is a serious issue that the defenders of conceptualism have to take into consideration.
當代心智哲學有兩個重要爭議:一是關於意識之現象特性 (phenomenal character)的表徵論(representationalism)與反表徵論 ( anti-representationalism) 之爭; 另一是關於經驗內容的概念論 (conceptualism)與非概念論(nonconceptualism)之爭。第一個論爭, 可稱為感質之爭(the qualia debate),討論意識的現象特性是否能完全 被表徵內容所窮盡。第二個論爭的焦點在於,知覺經驗的內容是否由 我們的概念能力(conceptual capacities)所參與構成,以致於完全是概 念性的內容(conceptual content)。大部分哲學家認為這兩個爭論互不 相干,或認為應該分開處理。在本文中,我指出這兩個爭議其實有一 明顯且重要的關連。那就是:在第二個論爭中若採取概念論的立場, 那麼在第一個論爭中就非得採取表徵論不可。更進一步說,本文要論 證兩件事:第一,概念論可以視為是一種特殊版本的表徵論。一旦釐 清這點, 持概念論者就需要提出理由來反對非意向性感質 (nonintentional qualia)的存在。原因是:如果知覺經驗除了意向性內 容之外,還具有非意向性的感質為其成分的話,那麼知覺經驗的內容 就無法完全是概念性的。第二,雖然McDowell 的概念論將知覺經驗 的內容理解為一種Fregean sense,而非理解為某種心理表徵(mental representation),這樣的立場仍然得面對「顛倒地球論證」(the Inverted Earth argument)的攻擊。概念論並不一定因此失敗,但任何為概念論 的辯護都必須設法回應這項攻擊。
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231.
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鄭凱 元
Kai-Yuan Cheng
意義與意向是次性嗎?──萊特的依賴判斷理論之評析
Are Meanings and Intentions Secondary Properties? ──On Wright’s Judgment-Dependence Account
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萊特(Crispin Wright, 1987, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1992, 1998)在近 年來提出一個重要的立場,認為意義與意向在形上本質上應被視為次 性(secondary property)。萊特的立場建立在一個所謂的「判斷依決理 論」(Judgment-Dependence Account)上,其基本主張為,如同某物是 否屬於某顏色概念之外延,須得取決於認知主體對此物所做之相關反 應或判斷,人所使用文字之意義與人所擁有心理意向之內容,亦須由 人對它們所做的相關判斷所決定。柏哥席恩(Boghossian, 1989)在後續的討論裡,對萊特理論提出 一個重要的批評。柏哥席恩指出,萊特的理論無法滿足一個內部的限 制條件,即獨立性條件,因而此理論無法成立,對意義與意向之解釋 而言,亦是一個無效的理論。筆者首先釐清柏哥席恩批評的要旨、以 及其效力,並進一步指出,萊特的判斷依決理論在理解上有模糊性, 一旦釐清此模糊性,我們發現,萊特理論的其中一個理解版本會受到 柏哥席恩的攻擊,然另一個理解版本將可恰當地避開。本文的主要目 的在藉由上述之討論,給出一個較為可行與合理的判斷依決理論之版 本,並以此版本,闡明萊特理論的基本精神與內容,並於結論裡,評 析將語意與意向定位為次性在哲學上的意涵與前瞻性。
Crispin Wright (1987, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1992, 1998) has recently proposed that meanings and intentions be metaphysically construed as secondary properties. Just as what falls under the extension of a color concept is dependent on how a perceiver’s relevant responses or judgments made under suitable conditions, the contents of what a person means by a term or of what a person intends cannot be determined independently of the person’s relevant judgments. Wright’s position is called “Judgment-Dependence Account”, given the judgment-dependence nature of meanings and intentions.Paul Boghossian (1989) has pointed out that Wright’s judgment-dependence account violates an internal constraint, i.e., the “independence” condition, imposed by the theory itself. Consequently, Wright’s theory is fundamentally flawed as an account of meanings and intentions. In this paper, I argue that Wright’s judgment-dependence account is ambiguous. As a result, Boghossian’s criticism is effective against one version of Wright’s account, but it can be avoided on another version of Wright’s account. The aim of this paper is to clarify what Wright’s judgment-dependence account amounts to, by giving it a more plausible and reasonable version than some other versions such as the one under Boghossian’s attack. This paper ends with some comments on the significance and prospects of Wright’s proposal, based on the more plausible version of Wright’s judgment-dependence account, that meanings and intentions be characterized as secondary properties.
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Melissa Zinkin
Melissa Zinkin
Kant’s Concept of Force: Empiricist or Rationalist?
康德之力的概念: 經驗論者或理性論者?
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This paper explores Kant's account of force, a topic that was of central philosophical concern in his day, but which he does not explicitly address in any of his Critiques. Just as with the nature of space and time and the nature of the human will, the nature of force was under dispute by the philosophers and natural scientists to whose legacy Kant was responding. Yet, Kant does not make force an explicit topic of his Critiques, and thus provides no explicit transcendental account of force. Nevertheless, I will argue that one can indeed find in Kant a transcendental account of force, one that is a synthesis of empiricist and rationalist accounts, but in an unexpected place; the third Critique, in the discussion of the principle of purposiveness
本論文探討康德對於力的說明。這個題目在康德所處的時代中,位於哲學關懷的核心地位,但在他的各種《批判》裡,他卻沒有明示 地處理過這個題目。正如同時間與空間的本質以及人類意志的本質, 康德回應有關哲學家與自然科學家爭論力的本質之成果。然而,康德 並沒有在他的《批判》中,將力作為一個明示的主題,因而並沒有針 對力的概念,提供一個明示的先驗說明。不過,我論證,吾人的確可 以在康德哲學中尋獲一個有關力的先驗說明,而且這是一個經驗論與 理性論說明的綜合,只不過在一處意想不到的地方:在《第三批判》中,有關合目的性原則的討論裡。
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佐藤將之
Masayuki Sato
荀子哲學研究之解構與建構:
以中日學者之嘗試與「誠」概念之探討為線索
Deconstruction and Reconstruction of the Xun Zi Research
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本文之目的在於經由對當代學者理解《荀子》哲學的兩組框架── 「性惡論」和「天人之分」的解構之嘗試,來探索建構荀子哲學之另一 種可能性。本文的探討主要分為兩個部分。在前半,先評述針對此問題 的日本荀子研究成果,再與目前開創著《荀子》研究的新視野之三位臺 灣學者──蔡錦昌、王慶光、以及劉又銘先生──的主要見解進行對 話,將「性惡論」與「天人之分」兩項此核心主張之「核心」一詞放入 括弧之後,進行以此兩大核心主張為主要內容的《荀子》哲學之解構。 在後半,本文將以「性惡論」與「天人之分」的觀點無法掌握的《荀子‧ 不苟》中的「誠」概念為例,試圖發現《荀子》思想的整體性面貌,藉 此探索重建更具有綜合性的《荀子》哲學體系之可能性。
This article aims to “deconstruct” the two approaches which have overwhelmingly influenced the history of the research on Xun Zi’s philosophy. In the first approach scholars have stuck to the idea of “Human nature is bad” as of the core of Xun Zi’s philosophy. In the second approach, scholars have urged that Xunzi had separated the sphere of men from that of Heaven. This article introduces critical viewpoints by three scholars on these two approaches, and then attempts to search for the third way to illuminate the characteristics of Xunzi philosophical system more systematically as a synthesizer of the pre-Qin Warring States’ thoughts. For this purpose, it focuses on the significant role of the concept of cheng (truthfulness) in Xunzi’s philosophical system on Heaven-human relationship, which has left in the dark by aforementioned two approaches. It delineates the analogical linkage by the concept of cheng between the expansion of virtue and the creation of all livings on earth. In Xun Zi’s thought, an ideal ruler can assimilate himself into the process of its natural providence by means of his promoting virtuous power of cheng. Here, Xun Zi’s image of ideal rules is an analogical synthesizer of these two spheres of Heaven and men, in stead of separating them into two different worlds.
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孫效 智
Hsiao-Chih Sun
人類胚胎之形上與道德地位
The Metaphysical and Moral Status of Human Embryos
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本文探討人類胚胎具有怎樣的形上與道德地位,是許多生命倫理 議題共同的基礎問題。文分四部分,首先,先說明問題的背景與重要 性,指出本問題無論是對傳統的墮胎課題,或對當今最熱門的胚胎幹 細胞研究或人類複製的倫理探討,都是不可規避的問題。其次,本文 在討論這個問題之前,將先界定問題的精確意涵。這裡其實有兩個息 息相關但卻不太一樣的問題,一個是胚胎形上地位的問題,一個是胚 胎道德地位的問題。形上地位的問題要問的是胚胎是否是位格,而道 德地位問題則是胚胎是否因而具有位格的尊嚴。由於位格尊嚴仍是相 當籠統的觀念,本文將問題聚焦在一個具體的問題上,亦即在正常情 境下是否可以為了醫學研究而殺害胚胎?界定好問題意涵後,本文最 主要的論述在第三部份。這裡先探討位格是什麼,然後以此為基礎來 處理「人類胚胎是否是位格」這個根本問題,最後再輔以「謹慎論證」 指出:人類胚胎是位格,或至少,在沒有充分證據顯示它不是位格的 情形下,應將之視為位格。第四部分是結論,根據前一部分之討論, 若人類胚胎應被當成位格來看待,那麼,在正常情境下,為了促進醫 學研究與人類福祉而殺死胚胎是不合乎倫理的。
Exploring the metaphysical and moral status of human embryo, one of the most fundamental questions underlying many significant bioethical issues, this essay is divided into four parts. It is firstly to be shown that not only the traditional moral controversy surrounding abortion but also that of the most cutting-edge researches of embryonic stem cell and human cloning can not be properly dealt with without first addressing the question of the metaphysical and moral status of human embryo. Secondly, the meaning of the question will be precisely defined so that the discussion can be rightly focused. The metaphysical part of the question is concerned with the issue whether human embryo is an entity with personhood, i.e. whether it is at the same time a human person. The second part is accordingly the moral question whether a human embryo has the dignity of a person and therefore shall be treated as an end by itself and not as only a means, which again means whether it is morally wrong to kill human embryos for the sake of the welfare of humankind. The main arguments for and contra the personhood of human embryos are presented in the third part after a comprehensive account of personhood is offered as a basis for the discussion. Different arguments such as speciesism, identity, continuity, potentiality and, last but not least, benefit of thedoubt-argument are evaluated and appealed to. The thesis arrived at is that human embryos are persons or at least shall be treated as persons when the antithesis is notsufficiently and well grounded. The fourth and last part concludes the essay with the claim that in normal situations it is immoral to kill human embryos for the progress of the medicine and the welfare of the mankind.
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蔡耀 明
Yao-Ming Tsai
生命與生命哲學:界說與釐清
Life and Philosophy of Life: Definition and Clarification
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本文的焦點主要放在生命做為一個學術概念,以及生命哲學做為 一套學問或一門學科,提出界說和釐清,勾勒外貌,並且針對相關的 若干概念或論題,做成初步的思辨。在論述的行文,經由如下八節,成為以界說、釐清、論題、思辨、和論理交織而成的架構。第一節,「緒論」,開門見山,帶出研究主題,並且逐一交代論文的構想與輪廓。第二節,「何謂生命」,將學界最常 見的標定在有機體的生命界說,在形式上,分成列舉式的界說和簡要 的界說,逐一整理其要點,展開批判的回顧,並且擬定可推演出更好的生命界說的替代構想,以非固著的和開通的做法,將生命界說為「使 生命之顯現得以成為如此的生命歷程之一貫的根本、機制、或道理」。這樣的生命界說,可避免通常的生命界說以有機體為著眼的褊狹、固 著、和封閉之缺失,而且更適合據以展開生命哲學、宗教哲學、或佛 教哲學的探究。第三節,「釐清生命和相關概念」,包括人生、生物、生命體、生命現象、生存、生活、死亡,避免將生命和這些相關概念 攪混在一起。第四節,「何謂哲學」,以哲學做為專業領域所從事的工 作,扼要說明哲學意指什麼。第五節,「何謂生命哲學」,在論陳生命 和哲學這二個概念之後,即可順理成章地界說生命哲學,大致意指「以 生命為關切的重心,展開哲學的探問與思辨,從而形成的整套學問的 鑽研」。第六節,「生命和哲學的關係」,分別從生命之於哲學,以及哲 學之於生命,討論生命和哲學之間的關係。第七節,「釐清生命哲學和 相關學科」,在生命哲學和生物學、人生哲學、生命研究、生死學、或 死亡學等相關學科之間,做出適度的釐清,使生命哲學意何所指,從 對照的視角,可更加鮮明予以理解。第八節,「結論與展望」,總結本 文的要點,並且展望後續相關的探討。本文的目標,設定為如下二大所欲達成的事項。其一,以哲學的 書寫,提供有關生命概念與生命哲學較為嚴謹與完整的概觀。其二,呈現的生命哲學,不至於過分褊狹,而是不僅可助成和宗教哲學、佛 教哲學的接軌,而且往宗教式的生命實踐開放,有助於理解學說與實 修在生命課題可能的密切關聯。
The focus of this paper is on life as an academic concept and philosophy of life as a body of knowledge or a discipline, defining, clarifying, and examining relevant concepts or questions.The structure of this paper is divided into eight sections in terms of definition, clarification, questioning, and examination. The first section, “Introduction,” points out the theme and gives a general outline of the theme. The second section, “What Is Life?”, brings forward in the forms of list and succinct definition the most common definitions of life as organism in academic cycle. In order to develop a better definition of life, this paper makes a critical review of the above and, in a non-fixated and open manner, defines life as “a coherent base, mechanism, or principle which manifests life as such a process of life.” Such a definition not only avoids the deficiencies of narrowness, fixation,and closure but also makes it a suitable foundation for investigating philosophy of life, philosophy of religion, or Buddhist philosophy. The third section, “Clarifying Life and Related Concepts,” makes a distinction among human life, living creature, living entity, phenomena of life, livelihood, living, and death in order not to confuse life with these related concepts. The fourth section, “What Is Philosophy?”, concisely indicates what philosophy means from the light of philosophy as a professional field. The fifth section, “What Is Philosophy of Life?”, follows to define philosophy of life after discussing the concepts of life and philosophy. Philosophy of life is “the study of life with life as its main concern and philosophical inquiry and reasoning as the method.” The sixth section, “The Relation of Life to Philosophy,” discusses the relation between life and philosophy in terms of life to philosophy and philosophy to life respectively. The seventh section, “Clarifying Philosophy of Life and Related Disciplines,” makes a proper clarification among philosophy of life, biology, philosophy of human life, life studies, life-and-death studies, and thanatology. By means of contrast, this section makes the definition of philosophy of life clearer and more intelligible. The eighth section, “Conclusions and Prospects,” summarizes the key points of this paper and anticipates future discussions.The main objective of this paper includes at least the following two points. One is to offer a more rigorous and complete outline for the concept of life and philosophy of life by way of philosophical writing. The other is to present philosophy of life as less narrow than conducive to be connected with philosophy of religion and Buddhist philosophy, open to the religious way of life practice, and contributing to understanding the close relationship between theory and practice on the topic of life.
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林義 正
Yih-Jing Lin
孔子對《詩》的詮釋方法
Confucius’ Hermeneutical Method with Regard to the Book of Odes
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本論文企圖依據涉及孔子稱《詩》、論《詩》、讀《詩》、言《詩》 等的諸多史料,來探討孔子對《詩》的詮釋方法。本文依一、前言,二、對「詩」、「《詩》」與「《詩》三百」意涵的釐清,三、孔子以前《詩》 文本的形成與運用,四、孔子對《詩》的詮釋方法,五、結論,進行 論述。其重點在:(一)從授《詩》的文本論其詮釋方法,(二)從因 周樂論其對《詩》的詮釋旨歸,(三)從稱《詩》論其對《詩》的詮釋 方法。經過筆者的研究,發現孔子對《詩》的詮釋應該有兩個階段,早年的教學是因襲魯國官府所藏的《周詩》文本,晚年的傳授是寓己 志以重編《詩》本,傳素王之道。最後,指出其詮釋方式是斷章取義,運用類比,其詮釋目的在成就君子之德,其對《詩》詮釋活動實含歷 史主義、實用主義與假託主義三種面向,缺一不可。
This essay explores Confucius’ hermeneutical method through his speeches, referencing, reading and discussion of the “Book of Odes”. It has the followingsections: 1. Preface 2. Clarification of terms in “poetry or odes”, the “Book of Odes” and “three hundred stanzas of the “Book of Odes” 3. The Pre-Confucianformation and use of the text 4. Confucius’ hermeneutical method with regard to the “Book of Odes”, and 5. Conclusion.The discussion focuses on (the hermeneutical method of) (1) The teachings of the “Book of Odes, (2) The analyses of Zhou dynasty musical lyrics which refer to the “Book of Odes”, and (3) Confucius’ references and readings of the “Book of Odes”. There are two stages of Confucius’ hermeneutical activity. First, the early years, based upon the Zhou Book of Odes stored in the court of Lu. Second, the later years, when Confucius re-edited the text to spread the‘philosophical principles of an ideal king’.The essay shows that Confucius’ hermeneutical method consists of taking passages out of context, the use of analogies, and the goal of developing the chivalrous and virtuous person. His hermeneutical activity combines historical and practical elements, and the use of theoretical implications.
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蔡家 和
Chia-He Tsai
黃宗羲與陳確的論辯之研究
The Research on Debate between Huang Zong-Yi and Chen Chien-Chu
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黃宗羲與陳確(乾初)的論辯,於明末清初的哲學轉型中,是 一重要公案,也代表著宋明儒學的轉型而過渡到清儒實學的開始。在近人研究中,或是把陳乾初的思想看得太高,認為黃宗羲晚年思 想受了乾初的影響而改變;或是把乾初的思想貶得太低,把它等同 於告子生之謂性的傳統。同樣地,近人研究,對於黃宗羲思想的定 位亦不清楚,亦不能給予一合理而中肯的地位。有些學者以黃宗羲對於陳乾初墓誌銘的四次改寫作為研究題 材,或是站在黃宗羲的前三次觀點,批評陳乾初思想「以欲為首 出」;或是以黃宗羲的第四次墓誌銘改寫為觀點,認為黃宗羲晚年 思想往陳乾初方向靠攏。以上論點,皆有未當,吾人認為,黃宗羲 的前三次墓誌銘的改寫裡,錯認了陳乾初的思想,以為乾初否定宋 明儒學思想,而為荀子、告子的後天之學的傳統。到了第四次墓誌 銘改寫裡,看出了陳乾初思想的力行實踐之義理,故不予以批評,但亦看出乾初思想非蕺山學的正宗,有其自己的一套光明正大義 理,不至於淪為荀子、告子的後天之學,亦不會下委流為以欲為首 出的學問。
The forum of debate between Huang Zong-Yi and Chen Chien-Chu is a major publicly known archive in the transformation of Philosophy during the lastof Ming Dynasty and beginning of Ching Dynasty. It also represents the beginning of the transformation of the Confucian Learning of Song and Ming Dynasty transition to the practical Confucians of Ching Dynasty. In the studies by recent generations, they have either eye the thoughts of Chen Chien-Chu too much higher by thinking that the final years of thoughts of Huang Zong-Yi was changed by the effect from Chien-Chu or have eye the thoughts of Chien-Chu too much lower by thinking that it is equal to the tradition of born with Nature by Gau-Tze. Similarly, the studies by recent generations are also vague in defining the thoughts of Huang Zong-yi and can not give him a reasonable and pertinent status.Many Scholars have used the four rewrites of Huang Zong-Yi on the Mu-Ze-Ming by Chen Chien-Chu as their subject of studies or to stand with the first three view points of Huang Zong-Yi criticizing Chen’s thoughts being “Desire oriented”. Or to use the view point of the fourth rewrites on Mu-Ze-Ming of Huang Zong-Yi to think that the thoughts of later years of Huang Zong-Yi has leaned toward Chen Chien-Chu.I do not agree to that, my personal view point is that within the first three rewrites of Mu-Ze-Ming by Huang Zong-Yi he has misunderstood the thoughts of Chen Chien-Chu to think that Chien-Chu has denied the Confucians thoughts of Song and Ming Dynasty and become the tradition of later learning ofShun-Tze and Gau-Tze.In the fourth rewrites of Mu-Ze-Ming, he then clearly sees the theory of justice of exertion and fulfillment in Chen’s thoughts. Therefore I will not criticize it, but it can also be seen that Chien-Chu’s thoughts were not from the authentic Gi-San Learning. It has his own set of upright theory of justice, nevertheless this is not likely to become the later learning of Shun-Tze and Gau-Tze and will not degrade to the fallen scholarship either.
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劉創 馥
Chong-Fuk Lau
康德超驗哲學的自我認知問題
The Problem of Self-Cognition in Kant’s Transcendental Philosophy
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本文首先分析康德的「超驗」概念,由此展開討論「超驗認知」 的理論問題。所謂「超驗認知」是有關認知能力本身的先驗認知,包 括感性和知性的區分,以及時空範疇條件等。雖然康德的超驗哲學以 研究主體的認知能力為核心,以解釋客觀經驗和知識的可能性,但是 這些「超驗認知」本身的理論地位卻不甚清楚。一方面,它們不能是透過內感而得到關於「現象我」的描述,因為這些最多只是經驗認知,不能作為超驗哲學的基礎;另一方面,康德又批判傳統理性心理學,認為我們不能僅透過理性推論而得到關於「本體我」的先驗認知。對 康德而言,根本不存在任何先驗的「自我認知」,但他卻容許智性的「自我意識」,即「純粹我思」或「超驗統覺」。由於缺乏相應的內感,超驗統覺本身還不算是認知,但透過反思的抽象和比較活動,我們能分 析認知結構。不過超驗認知並非直接關於人類這個物種的認知機制。康德的超驗哲學不是認知科學或超驗心理學,而是對於有限理性者的 認知結構的概念分析。
This paper begins with an analysis of Kant’s concept of “transcendental”, and proceeds to discuss some theoretical problems of transcendental cognition.Transcendental cognition refers to a kind of a priori cognitions about the faculty of cognition itself, which include the distinction between sensibility andunderstanding as well as their spatiotemporal and categorial forms. Although Kant’s transcendental philosophy aims to account for the possibility of objectiveexperience and knowledge by investigating into our faculty of cognition, the theoretical status of transcendental cognitions itself is rather unclear. On the onehand, they cannot be cognitions of the phenomenal self through inner sense, because these empirical cognitions could never serve as a foundation for thetranscendental philosophy. On the other hand, Kant also criticizes traditional rational psychology, rejecting the possibility of a priori cognitions of the noumenal self through reason alone. It is true that Kant denies every possibility of a priori self-cognition, but he does allow a kind of intellectual self-consciousness, i.e., the pure “I think” or “transcendental apperception”. Transcendental apperception is not cognition, but through transcendental reflection, we can analyze the structure of cognition. Yet, transcendental cognition is not primarily about the cognitive mechanism of human beings as a species. Kant’s transcendental philosophy is not cognitive science or transcendental psychology, but rather a kind of conceptual analysis of the structure of cognition of the finite rational being as such.
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陳聲 柏, 李 巍
Sheng-Bo Chen
從「物」、「實」之別看公孫龍名學的價值 ——以荀況為參照
Distinguish the Notion of ‘Wu’(物) and ‘Shi’(實), Review The Ming-xue(名學)of Kong-sun Long : Use Xun-Zi as a Reference
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先秦諸子論名,旨在匡正名實相怨的時弊,公孫龍也不例外。但 是其以實正名的學說宗旨,卻並不為同時代諸子贊同,以致荀況斥之 為「惑於用名以亂實者也」(《荀子‧正名》)。究其原因,乃公孫龍所 論之名,與此時代之一般理解旨趣殊異。概言之,公孫龍看到了「名」 的兩種用法。即,名既可命物(個體物),是為「物名」;亦可命實(個體物的性質),是為「實名」。公孫龍特別強調的是為當時人所忽略的 後一種用法,其價值與其說是邏輯的,不如說是形而上學的。因此,不論與同時代諸子相比,或從其後中國哲學發展的思維取向來看,公 孫龍的這一發現和闡述都是獨特且別具價值的。
Suffering the problem of Ming-Shi-Xiang-Yuan(名實相怨) in Pre-Qin era, Zhu-zi (諸子), which include Kong-sun Long, are thus paying more attentions tothe notion of Ming(名). The principle of Yi-Shi-Zheng-Ming(以實正名) purposed by him, however, meets with no acceptant of contemporaneous Zhu-zi.The repulsion of Xun Zi, which argues that “making a delusory usage of Ming, could disturb (the orders of) Sh(i 實)(we have recognized)”, refers to the practiceof Kong-sun Long. Provoking criticism universally, the theory of Kong-sun Long is of so distinctive objective, that differs from the general notions of philosophy in that period. In short, the two diversions of Ming(名), to which Kong-sun Long refers, are on one hand to signify (on certain individual), the “Wu Ming”; while on the other hand to refer (the nature of the individual itself), the “Shi Ming”, are discovered by Kong-sun Long. The value and doctrine of which highlighted by him is obviously the later, which overlooked in that period, would rather be regarded as Metaphysical rather than logical. It is even significant to discover and elaborate of philosophy of Kong-sun Long, while comparing with the thoughts of contemporaneous Zhu-zi and the other philosophers in the process of development of latter Chinese philosophy.
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王曉 波
Hsiao-Po Wang
兼儒墨、合名法──《尸子》的哲學思想及其論辯
Incorporating Confucianism & Mohism, Combining Min & Fa: “Shi Zi's” Philosophical Thoughts and His Contentions
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劉向《別綠》曰:「楚有尸子,疑謂其在蜀,今按《尸子》書,晉 人也,名佼,秦相衛鞅客也。衛鞅商君謀事畫計,立法理民,未嘗不 與佼規之也。商君被刑,佼恐並誅,乃亡逃入蜀。自為造此二十篇書,凡六萬餘。卒,因葬蜀。」自一九七三年長沙馬王堆出土《黃帝四經》以來,學者漸認識先 秦及漢初所謂「黃老之學」的全貌,才漸理解太史公所謂「道家」為 「因陰陽之大順,采儒墨之善,撮名法之要」,其實是戰國時代興起了 一般整合春秋以來各家學術思想的學風。《尸子》書正如班固所言「兼 儒墨,合名法」,其實還包括了老子哲學和脫離不了陰陽思想,是一本戰國時代的著作,班固無以歸類而歸類之於「雜家」。老子的「道」是一種抽象普遍的原理原則或規律,並不是人的感 官感覺所能認識的,也不是人的主觀意志所能改變的。所以,老子強 調「無為」、「自然」,而「輔萬物之自然而不敢為」、「為之於未有,治 之於未亂」。故《尸子》亦言:「執一之道,去智與巧。」(〈分〉)「(愛 民、好士,力於朝)三者雖異,道一也。是故曰:審一之經,百事乃 成;審一之紀,百事乃理。」(〈發蒙〉)「年老者使塗隙戒突,故終身 無失火之而不知德。」(〈貴言〉)「不出戶而知天下,不下其堂而治四 方,知反之於己者也。」((處道))「明君不用長耳目,不間諜,不強 劉向《別綠》曰:「楚有尸子,疑謂其在蜀,今按《尸子》書,晉 人也,名佼,秦相衛鞅客也。衛鞅商君謀事畫計,立法理民,未嘗不 與佼規之也。商君被刑,佼恐並誅,乃亡逃入蜀。自為造此二十篇書,凡六萬餘。卒,因葬蜀。」 自一九七三年長沙馬王堆出土《黃帝四經》以來,學者漸認識先 秦及漢初所謂「黃老之學」的全貌,才漸理解太史公所謂「道家」為 「因陰陽之大順,采儒墨之善,撮名法之要」,其實是戰國時代興起了 一般整合春秋以來各家學術思想的學風。《尸子》書正如班固所言「兼儒墨,合名法」,其實還包括了老子哲學和脫離不了陰陽思想,是一本 戰國時代的著作,班固無以歸類而歸類之於「雜家」。老子的「道」是一種抽象普遍的原理原則或規律,並不是人的感 官感覺所能認識的,也不是人的主觀意志所能改變的。所以,老子強 調「無為」、「自然」,而「輔萬物之自然而不敢為」、「為之於未有,治 之於未亂」。故《尸子》亦言:「執一之道,去智與巧。」(〈分〉)「(愛 民、好士,力於朝)三者雖異,道一也。是故曰:審一之經,百事乃 成;審一之紀,百事乃理。」(〈發蒙〉)「年老者使塗隙戒突,故終身 無失火之而不知德。」(〈貴言〉)「不出戶而知天下,不下其堂而治四 方,知反之於己者也。」((處道))「明君不用長耳目,不間諜,不強
In Liu Xiang's “Other Records”, it is said: “Shi Zi was in the State of Chu, but probably in (Shu) Sichuan. Now according to the book 'Shi Zi', he has the name 'Jiao' and originally from the State of Jin. He became an adviser to Wei Yang, the prime minister of Qin. He was always consulted in the administration and legislation that Wei Yang (Lord Shang) contemplated and implemented. Later, When Lord Shang was executed, Jiao fearing complicity in and fled to Sichuan. Since then, he completed this book containing 60,000 words in 20 chapters. He died in Sichuan."Since the excavation of Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor at Ma Wang Dui in Chang Sha in 1973, scholars have come to understand the full aspect of the"School of Huang Lao" from the period before Qin to the beginning of Han. What the Royal Historian, Tai Shi Gong had characterized about "Daoism"as " bending to the alternation of Yin and Yang, adopting the positive aspects of Confucianism and Mohism, summing up the essentials of the school of Min(Names) and Fa (Legalist)," the scholars have come to appreciate this being essentially an integration of thoughts at the time of the Warring States from allprevious schools since the period of Spring and Autumn. As Ban Gu said about "Shi Zi", it "incorporates Confucianism and Mohism, combining Min andFa." In fact, it also includes the thoughts of Lao Zi and Yin Yang, and is a work from the Warring States period. Ban Gu classified it as one of the "Miscellaneous Schools."Lao Zi's "Dao" is an abstraction of prevalent principles and laws. It is not something that could be understood through sensory perception or that could be altered subjectively. Thus, Lao Zi emphasizes "non-intervention", "natural", "not to go against the nature of things", "cause over effect". Hence, "Shi Zi" also says in the chapter "Feng": "Once on the right track, no longer need wisdom and techniques." : "(care for the people, appreciate advisers, govern diligently) may appear different, but really belong to the same principle. And thus, in chapter "Fa Mung" :"Once the right analysis is made, it is applicable to every matter; once the right regulation is established, everything is so regulated." In the chapter "Qui Yan": “The old lived in a house without chimney and crack knows no fire alarm all his life.” In the chapter " Chu Dao": "Know the world without setting foot outdoor, govern the world without descending his court, for the principles are the same." In the chapter "Fa Mung": "An aware Lord does not need to enhance his hearing and sight, does not need espionage, does not expressly find out; for he observes when formations appears, listens when sound arrives and reacts when events transpire." "Shi Zi" assume the objectivity and universality of these principles and laws in order to distill and describe the thoughts of the different schools so as to establish its own school of thought. So it is in the study of "Shi Zi", one must grasp what in the original text and then proceed to compare it with Daoism, Confucianism, Mohism and Fa in order to fully interpret its thoughts and contentions.
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