Two famous Russian thinkers Nikolai O. Lossky (1870–1965) and E. Vasilievich Spektorsky (1875–1951) had a lot in common: both were talented intellectuals, lecturers and authors of many works on philosophy, history of philosophy, culture, politics and literature; both had to leave Russia and settle down abroad, and continue academic and creative activities in foreign environments. All these factors contributed to their friendly and intellectual communication which we want to pay attention to in this article. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate similarities in how Lossky and Spektorsky formulated and addressed ethical issues on the grounding of Christianity and Christian-based philosophy. Thus, we have chosen several aspects of their ethical systems which are crucial for understanding the way of their moral thinking and which are representative in terms of comparison of these two authors: general philosophical positions, grounding ethics in Christianity, absolute basis of ethics and the way it can be cognized, human freedom, motives and goals of moral behavior, and moral evolution and the perspectives of humanity.

The starting point of the article is that the contemporary English written philosophy of friendship is strongly inspired by Aristotelian theory of friendship and considers this theory as the most influential among ancient theories. The starting point is illustrated in the first part of the article by general and specific examples.Second and main part aims to examine justification of such a primacy of Aristotle’s inspirationsin contemporary philosophy of friendship. The verification is performed through comparison of qualities of Aristotle´s theory and theories of other ancient philosophers – Plato, Cicero and Plutarch.

Předložená trojdílná série představuje základní teorie metafory v analytické filosofii: V první části v minulém čísle časopisu1 byly prezentovány počátky interakční teorie u I. A. Richardse, jak ji podal v knize The Philosophy of Rhetorics (1936). Tato druhá část osvětluje dnes již klasické podání inter­akční teorie u M. Blacka (1954–79). Třetí část (v příštím čísle) představí kritiku interakční teorie od D. Davidsona a jeho kauzální teorii (1978).

Prvními objevenými exoplanetami byli horcí jupiteři. Kepler ale ukázal, že se jednalo jen o observační zkreslení a minimálně ve vnitřních částech planetárních systémů dominují mini-neptuni.