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Jozef Pastuszka
Jozef Pastuszka
Koncepcja człowieka w uchwałach Soboru Watykańskiego II (Konstytucja o Kościele w świecie współczesnym) na tle współczesnych humanizmów
The Conception of Man in the Resolutions of the Second Vatican Council on the Background of Other Modern Humanisms
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Summing up at the last session the work of the Second Vatican Council, Pope Paul VI remarked that never before had a Council given man so much consideration not only within the context of doctrinal and moral decisions, connected to the mysteries of the Revelation, of which the Church is the guardian and interpreter, but also man as concrete, living being, within actual circumstances of the world. This was necessary, if one considers that the modern intellectual trends that shape man’s attitude towards the world and life have an anthropological character, that their position regarding the whole reality depends on their judgement of man. That is why the problem of humanism is the central problem of modern mentality.The decisions of the Vatican Council contain an expose of Christian humanism, particularly in the Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, dealing with the Church in the modern World. The paper discusses the major theses of the Council regarding man such as the resolutions on the structure and dignity of the human person (its rationality, freedom and moral life), its transcendence, its social character and its duties towards other human individuals and social groups, also on the human person as cultural being.These views on Christian humanism expressed by the Second Vatican Council are presented on the background of modern Non-Christian systems: rationalism, which sees man only as a thinking, temporal being; depth psychology for which man appears as full of conflicts resulting from deep undercurrents of biological instincts; existentialism reducing man to an irrational being deeply disturbed by the anxiety of existence; finally, marxism which conceives man as a natural being, whose consciousness is a function of higher organized matter.
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Władysław Prężyna
Władysław Prężyna
Skala postaw religijnych
Skala postaw religijnych
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The paper presents an attempt to work out a scale measuring religious attitudes. The object of the attitude investigated is the problem of the supernatural as understood by Christian religion. The scale was constructed with the view to measure one characteristic of religious attitude — intensity.In the process of construction were isolated first a number of statements having a distinctly discriminating value as regards positive or negative response to religion. That work was carried out by 70 competent judges. Only those statements were accepted as differentiating which were ascribed extreme ranks (1—3 and 6—7) by the judges in an eleven-point continuum (Thurstone type). 30 statements were thus obtained: 17 positive and 13 negative towards religion. In order that the constructed scale might provide a valid measure of intensity a seven-point principle (Likert’s type) was adopted: I definitely agree, I agree, etc.The reliability of the scale wąs tested by the calculation of the coefficient of stability, the method applied being that of double investigation of the same population with a week’s interval between. The two sets of data were correlated by means of Pearson’s coofficient r for primary data. The index obtained was 0.979 with a standard deviation of 0.005 (for N = 70).The validity of the scale was tested by means of external criteria. Two methods were applied: a ’’scale” of religious practices, and a hierarchy of values. The "scale” of religious practices included: frequency of practices (prayers, mass attendance, communion), their motivation and meaning for the individual investigated. 219 individuals were tested with the religious scale and the ’’scale” of practice. The data were then correlated, yielding a coefficient (Pearson’s r) at the level of 0.669 with 0.031 standard deviation.The second method — grading of values — included the following items: one’s own life, property, fame, religious convictions and values, social good, man’s (woman’s) love, possibility of attaining higher learning, the good of one’s own family. The correlation between the two sets of data — religious scale and hierarchy of values — was measured by Spearman’s method of sequence correlation. The coefficient was 0.84 with a standard deviation of 0.02 (for N = 255).The population investigated consisted of graduates or individuals approaching the end of undergraduate studies.
The paper presents an attempt to work out a scale measuring religious attitudes. The object of the attitude investigated is the problem of the supernatural as understood by Christian religion. The scale was constructed with the view to measure one characteristic of religious attitude — intensity.In the process of construction were isolated first a number of statements having a distinctly discriminating value as regards positive or negative response to religion. That work was carried out by 70 competent judges. Only those statements were accepted as differentiating which were ascribed extreme ranks (1—3 and 6—7) by the judges in an eleven-point continuum (Thurstone type). 30 statements were thus obtained: 17 positive and 13 negative towards religion. In order that the constructed scale might provide a valid measure of intensity a seven-point principle (Likert’s type) was adopted: I definitely agree, I agree, etc.The reliability of the scale wąs tested by the calculation of the coefficient of stability, the method applied being that of double investigation of the same population with a week’s interval between. The two sets of data were correlated by means of Pearson’s coofficient r for primary data. The index obtained was 0.979 with a standard deviation of 0.005 (for N = 70).The validity of the scale was tested by means of external criteria. Two methods were applied: a ’’scale” of religious practices, and a hierarchy of values. The "scale” of religious practices included: frequency of practices (prayers, mass attendance, communion), their motivation and meaning for the individual investigated. 219 individuals were tested with the religious scale and the ’’scale” of practice. The data were then correlated, yielding a coefficient (Pearson’s r) at the level of 0.669 with 0.031 standard deviation.The second method — grading of values — included the following items: one’s own life, property, fame, religious convictions and values, social good, man’s (woman’s) love, possibility of attaining higher learning, the good of one’s own family. The correlation between the two sets of data — religious scale and hierarchy of values — was measured by Spearman’s method of sequence correlation. The coefficient was 0.84 with a standard deviation of 0.02 (for N = 255).The population investigated consisted of graduates or individuals approaching the end of undergraduate studies.
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Mieczysław Dybowski
Mieczysław Dybowski
O sposobach występowania celów życiowych
On the Modes of Appearance of Vital Ends
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When I. Pavlov showed purposiveness to be a phenomenon common to all living beings since it is an instinct leading to the preservation of life, N. Ach reduced it to determination, which degree of intensity increases with the frequence of the representation of the end.The paper presents the result of an investigation carried out to discover in what forms the end occurs in people; the method applied was that of a questionnaire dealing with the representation of ideal and real end, as well as that of means and consequences. In the experimental part (six pauses during the time given to answering the questions) the author appraised those forms, ranking them in a nine- -grade scale according to their values.The experiment consisted in writing and drawing during which the representation of the end occurred.The investigation included 51 fourth year psychology students.Qualitative analysis revealed nine end forms, as follows: 1. representation of aim only 2. representation of means only (mediate ends); 3. ends developing from means; 4. no ultimate end, proximate end appears alone;* 5. momentary ends only; 6. impulsive though efficient tending to the end; 7. end together with means (1 + 2); 8. ends develop from means, while the pursuit is impulsive and efficient (3 + 6); 9. end not explicitly mentioned (1).Quantitative analysis (be means of ranks) permitted to estimate the relative values of end forms (the numbers refer to the above mentioned forms beginning with the most valuable ones: (3 + 6); (1 + 2); 6; 2; 1; 3; (1); 5 and 4.It appeared then that the end forms can be divided into simple and compound ones, the latter being more valuable (3 + 6) and (1 + 2); the forms can be produced by way of purposive thinking (1, 2, 4 and 5) or arise impulsively (3 and 6).
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Janusz Kostrzewski
Janusz Kostrzewski
Wyniki badań rozwoju umysłowego 1530 dzieci w wieku od 2 do 30 miesięcy, dokonanych polskim przekładem skali Psyche Cattell
Mental Development in Infants Aged 2—30 Months Investigated With the Polish Translation of Psyche Cattell Intelligence Scale
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The paper aims 1. to present the results of an investigation carried out by means of the Polish translation of Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale; 2. to ascertain whether American norms can apply without modification to investigations on Polish children aged 2—30 months; 3. to determine if there exist and, in the affirmative, to explain differences as to the general level of mental development between town and country infants, tested with Psyche Cattell Scale; 4. to find out possible sex-conditioned differences; 5. to compare our results with those obtained by the author of the Scale; 6. to test the diagnostical validity of the Polish version of the Scale.The investigation covered 1530 infants, 2—30 months of age, from 10 voivo- deships; each of the 19 age levels comprised 78—84 infants; their distribution as to sex was 765 boys for 765 girls; as to provenience: 765 from town and 765 from the country. The author characterizes the educational level of the parents: he found that secondary or higher education was more common among town people than among country people.The statistical analyses led the author to the following conclusions with regard to the questions put above:1. One age level only, out of the 19, namely that of 27-month children showed an I.Q. pattern deviating from the normal curve; for the remaining 18 levels, there is no reason to discard the hypothesis that the I.Q. pattern calculated on the basis of the Polish translation (by the author of the article) of the original Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale is a normal one. Three probable hypotheses are suggested to explain the significance of the I.Q. deviation from normal curve in children aged 27 months.The mean I.Q. of the infants investigated by us is 105.81 with a standard deviation of 13.3. The mean I.Q. of an unselected sample of population should be 100 when the different tests have an appropriate degree of difficulty. Statistical analysis shows that the tests found in the Polish version of the Scale seem too easy for the group investigated. The I.Q.s at the different age levels range from 101.0 (22 months) to 117.6 (2 months). At five levels (11, 12, 22, 24, 27 months), they do not differ significantly from 100; at these levels of age the tests seem appropriate for investigation in this country; at the other fourteen levels (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 30 months) the mean I.Q.s are significantly above 100; the tests proposed at these levels appear therefore too easy for our infants. The standard deviations range from 9.28 to 18.5. The I.Q. variances at all levels of age differ significantly (P < 0.001).2. The investigation has showed that American norms cannot be applied to Polish infants aged 2—30 months. The raw values of I.Q. yielded by the Psyche Cattell Scale at various levels of age are not comparable. That is why the author proposes to calculate standardized I.Q.s (standard-score; ’deviation’ I.Q.s with mean 100 and standard deviation 13.3 at every age level). He gives the rules for the calculation of these, also a numerical table (7) to that effect. He gives Polish norms which make possible the use of Psyche Cattell original Scale in the Polish version, without its modification.3. The difference between the mean I.Q. of 765 country infants and that of an equal number of town infants (104.5098 and 107.11 respectively), revealed by statistical analysis is small, though statistically significant (P<0.01). However, out of the 19 age levels, a statistically significant difference in mental development between town children and country children tested with the Psyche Cattell Scale was found in 8-, 20-, 22-, and 30-month’s old infants, to the disadvantage of the country children. On the basis of a thorough statistical analysis of the material, the author believes these differences to depend not on town or country provenience but on the educational level of the parents. Some of the tests appearing in the Scale are particularly sensitive to differences in the cultural level of the infant’s home. The differences of the mental development of infants whose parents possess widely different educational achievements should be ascribed to the influence of intellectual climate on the development of the mental aptitudes measured by some tests of the Scale, though genetic factors should not be disregarded.4. No statistically significant differences were found between the levels of intellectual development of the 765 girls and those of an equal number of boys, all aged 2—30 months.5. No statistically significant differences appeared either between the mean I.Q. of the Polish infants and that of 274 American children tested by the author of the Scale.6. The investigation showed a high diagnostical validity of the Polish version of the Psyche Cattell Scale for the investigation of mentally defective handicapped children. 37 infants aged 7—35 months, with Down’s disease, served as criterial group. The mean I.Q. of those infants differed very significantly from that of the 1530 included in the general investigation. The I.Q.s of the infants with Down’s syndrome ranged from 30 to 64.8. None of them reached beyond the border of mental deficiency. Clinical observation extended over a number of years, further investigation of the same children carried out later with Stanford-Binet Scale, 1937, version L, confirmed the diagnosis obtained earlier by means of the Psyche Cattell Scale. It should be mentioned that, besides mental development, other factors were taken into account in the diagnosis of mental deficiency — social competence, aptitude to learn and others — in the investigated group of infants with Down’s syndrome (cf. 12).After the preliminary analyses of the results of the investigations carried out, further efforts are directed towards elaborating a Polish adaptation of the Psyche Cattell Scale. Some of the tests, which proved too easy for our children will be replaced by tests with an appropriate degree of difficulty; the number of tests proposed at the different levels will be increased from 5 to 8—10 so as to insure the scale higher reliability. The reliability and validity of the Polish adaptation of the scale will be discussed in a separate paper.
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