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Issue: 4
Adam Biela, Edmund Leszczuk, Bogdan Pietrulewicz
Adam Biela
Ekspresja rysunkowa dzieci na temat pobytu papieża Jana Pawła II w Polsce
Children's Pictorial Response to the Visit of Pope John Paul II to Poland
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Having assumed that drawing is one of the most natural forms of children’s expression the technique of the drawings of children aged 4 to 15 was investigated. The theme of the drawings was the visit of Pope John Paul II to Poland in June 1979. The investigation was supplemented by an interview based on the principles of interrogation according to Piaget. 197 children were examined on the whole. On the basis of the acquired analyses the following general conclusions can be formulated :1. The image of the Pope’s visit to Poland emerges in the consciousness of the children as a relatively uniform reality. It shows that the children living in different regions of Poland felt similarly about these historic events.2. The obtained empirical data show that the children had no doubt that the Holy Father was the central subject of the events. It was manifested for example in the attempts to portray the Pope’s figure even among the youngest children (aged 4-5) and in depicting the Holy Father in the centre of the picture.3. Of all the events that took place during the Pope’s visit the ceremony of greeting at Warsaw airport was engraved most deeply on the memory of the children; probably due to the functioning of the mechanism of first psychical connections.4. The essence of the visit of John Paul II was fundamentally rendered by the children in terms of religious events and ideas. It was manifested in depictions of the Mass celebrated by the Pope as well as in the symbolism of the cross represented in the pictures. It seems important to stress the fact that some children managed to render the very profound theological import of the papal meetings such as, for example, the Christ-centered character of the meeting with the Pope on Plac Zwycięstwa (Victory Square).5. It was a surprising fact, discovered on the basis of the investigation, that the children showed a relatively high degree of the awareness as to the social role and the mission of the Pope, which was expressed among other things, in the thematic category of the pictures ’’among the people”; the outstretched arms of the Pope symbolized openness and friendliness towards the people and the world.6. The emotional expression of the drawings shows that the children either personally took part in the meetings with the Pope or were deeply influenced by the psychical atmosphere their parents and other adults lived at the time.7. The results of the interrogation indicate that the children knew a lot about the Pope and his visit to Poland.8. The children were aware of their subjectivity in experiencing the visit.9. The large scale character of the meetings with the Pope was rendered very vividly; it shows that the children were conscious of the mass-range of the subjectivity of the event.10. The formal analysis of the pictures revealed that the majority of the subjects managed to depict not only the outline of the objects, events and situations of the Pope’s visit to Poland, but also various details connected with it.The whole of the materials collected offers proof that the visit of John Paul II impressed itself deeply on the memory of the children and the impressions recorded manifest the importance of this event for each child as an individual subject experiencing the historic events important for the nation.
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Issue: 4
Eduard Gaugler, Meinulf Kolb, Jerzy Strojnowski
Eduard Gaugler
Praca i humanitaryzm. Wspołczesne kierunki reformowania zakładow pracy
Praca i humanitaryzm. Wspołczesne kierunki reformowania zakładow pracy
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K. Michael Aschenbbenner
K. Michael Aschenbbenner
Zastosowanie analizy decyzyjnej w poradnictwie zawodowym
Developping and Testing a Decision Aid for Pupils Choosing an Apprenticeship
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This paper deals with application of decision analysis in pupils apprenticeship choosing. The main problem of this paper is to veryfy the hypothesis: does a decision aid in the form of helping pupils to construct a goal hierarchy, effect the information seeking and processing efficiency by pupils in their choosing apprenticeship situation.The author référés two experimental studies in this field: 1. the laboratory investigation and 2. the example of real lif^ situation analysis at employment office. The idea has been presenting here is a very new in psychological literature because it has been shown the way of transfering some laboratory results into practice.The tests of effects of the decision aid foccused on the information acquisition and processing behavior of pupils while choosing one from several apprenticeships. It was derived four criteria for evaluating the information processing: 1. the number of atribute used; 2. the proportion of alternatives considered per attribute used; 3. the tau-correlation between the order of attribute use, and the rank order of importance of the attributes, elicited before the choice task; 4. the proportion of so-called jumps in the search pattern. A discriminatory analysis showed that the decision aid had its largest effect on the goal orientedness of the search process (critérium 3), followed by critérium 2. The effect on critérium 4 wais also considerable, while the effect on the critérium 1 was only small.Comparing these results with other studies we can conclude that decision aid improves the choice behavior of mainschool pupils up to the performance level of unguided university students.
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Grupowe i indywidualne decyzje w sytuacjach zadaniowych— aspiracje i osiągnięcia
Group and Individual Decisions in Problem Situations — Aspirations and Achievements
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The experimental investigations presented in the article answer two questions: 1. Are group decisions in situations of undertaking problems more venturesome (show a higher level of aspirations) than individual decisions?, 2. Is the effectiveness of group or individual problem solving dependent on the kind of problem to be solved? 1200 people were tested; 30 groups of boys and 30 groups of girls aged 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 30 boys and 30 girls of the same age. The subjects solved 5 types of problems: mathematical, target tracking, mazes, building blocks, stringing beads. Each type contained tasks of 5 various stages of difficulty: very easy, easy, medium, difficult and very difficult. It was found out that in all problem situations the groups made more venturesome decisions (revealed a higher level of aspirations) in comparison with the subjects who made decisions individually. A considerable divergence also occured between the level of aspirations and the level of achievements, in the groups as well as among the individuals. The investigations proved that the type of problem situation influenced in a considerable way the level of aspirations and even more the level of achievements. The realization of problems depends largely on whether they are solved collectively or individually.
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Issue: 4
Dorota Kornas-Biela
Dorota Kornas-Biela
Pochodzenie i zmienność norm moralnych w świadomości dzieci niewidomych i widzących
The Origin and Changeability of Moral Norms in the Consciousness of Blind Children and Children with Sight
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The author discusses the results of the study made on 103 blind children and 97 children with sight, aged 8, 12, and 15, in the light of the cognitive theory. The children were interrogated with the questionnaire constructed by the author, which contained 3 problems: 1. the origin of moral norms in the individual consciousness of the child (Where does he know from what is good or wrong?) and in the social consciousness (What is the source of people’s knowledge of good and wrong?); 2. the time of the existence of moral norms (Since when is it so that people are obliged to do certain things but are forbidden to do some other things?); 3. the possibility to modify moral norms (Is it possible to modify them, why, who can do that, is the child himself able to do that, will the new standards be better, and when can they be regarded as better than the previous ones?). On the basis of the investigations the following regularities have been found out:1. Between the ages 8 and 12 the role of the direct personal influence (family, school-teachers) and the role of the supernatural influence, as a source of moral norms, diminish in the consciousness of children, whereas the role of the non-personal influences, especially children’s own activity, increases.2. The age of 12 is characterized by the intellectual growth of the moral consciousness of blind children and children with sight, and by the increase of a sense of autonomy in creating standards. 12-year-oild children discover „the power” of mind, the possibility of forming principles based on experience and on predicting the effectiveness and consequence of social activities, and the possibility of checking the sense of norms in practice.3. Blind children in distinction to those with sight, develop more quickly and more intensely the conviction that people (the developmental leap between the ages 8 and 12) as well as the child himself (the developmental leap between the ages 12 and 15), have the possibility of using their own intellectual activity and experience in recognizing and formulating moral standards.4. Irrespective of age 80 per cent of children with sight regarded the standards as „old”, whereas in the group of blind children the conviction of a very distant beginning of the normative dimension of human life was steadily growing with the age, and all 15-year-old blind children accepted the view that moral norms and standards existed since long ago.5. The war is a critical point for 13 per cent of the examined children and they relate the origin of the present norms of behaviour with the war.6. The number of children who consider moral norms to be so closely connected with the fact of the existence of the world and people that they relate the origin of the norms to the genesis of human race, significantly increases between the ages 8 and 15. The conviction that moral norms make a necessary, constituent element of human existence and exist as long as human life on earth, develops more quickly and stepwise among the blind between the ages 8 and 12, while among children with sight the development of that conviction is harmonious and gradual.7. While growing up, the children start to differentiate between the eternity of norms and their unchangeability. In their consciousness norms become eternal., but at the same time, according to the opinion of the half of subjects, it is possible to modify them in their concrete form.8. More than 40 per cent of 15-year-old subjects, both blind and with sight, regard the present norms as invariable which means that a sense of autonomy with respect to operational thought is reached by the child ealier than with respect to moral judgement (cf. Piaget 1932).9. Blind children felt less free to modify the norms of behaviour than those with sight.10. Children with sight had a greater knowledge as regards the possibilities of making changes in the present system of moral norms and standards, whereas the blind ones displayed greater ability of understanding the depth and richness of moral situations and the conditioning of human interference in the functioning of the norms. The frequent use of „conditional” type of answers by the blind, indicates their ability to take into consideration various points of view on moral issues, their objective attitude towards socio-moral reality, and their quicker development of hypothetical and deductive thinking.11. Among children with sight the development of moral consciousness is harmonious, while among the blind the acceleration of development is often noticed between the ages 8 and 12, after placing them in new educational environment i. e. the institution for blind children.
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Issue: 4
Joanna Sowa
Joanna Sowa
Umiejętność definiowania pojęć moralnych przez dzieci niewidome i widzące w wieku 8-15 lat
The Ability to Define Moral Concepts by the Blind and Seeing Aged from 8 to 15
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According to J. Piaget’s theory the child begins to form moral autonomy at the age of 12. The assimilation of moral principles begins; moral standards start to be valid because of the social contract among the members of the group not, as formerly, by the order of adults. The process of assimilation constitutes moral autonomy in between the 14-th and 15-th year of life.The present paper is an attempt to present the specific character of the development of blind children in the aspect of defining and verbalizing moral concepts as compared with children who have sight.In the research a specially constructed method was used; it contained 8 questions and was to inquire into the ability to define moral concepts. The children under investigation were to define the following moral concepts: „courage”, „deceit”, „justice”, „vexation”, „gratitude”, „theft”, „to love”, „jealousy”, „conceit” and „comradeship”. 200 children belonging to three age groups (8, 12 and 15 years old), blind as well as with sight were tested. The main variable differentiating the two groups of children was blindness. The influence of other variables was minimized by the introduction of appropriate criteria of selection.As the analysis of the study has shown the best defined and therefore the best understood are the concepts of „courage”, „deceit” and „theft”; blind children are better at defining „courage” and „theft” whereas children with sight are more successful in defining „deceit”. The children in both groups found the concepts of „gratitude” and „conceit” the most difficult to define. As regards „gratitude” it has been noticed that the blind children while defining the concept put emphasis on the behaviour of a grateful man whereas the definition given by the children with sight expressed rather „being grateful for something”. The concept of „comradeship” was more or less adequately understood by all children. It has been noticed that while the blind children paid attention to cooperation and mutual help in defining that concept, the children with sight stressed friendliness in mutual contacts.The analyses have shown that the development of the ability to define moral concepts progresses stepwise and inharmoniously in both groups of children. However, it has been noticed that the blind children are more developmental^ advanced in the ability to define. The definitions of those children are richer in respect of contents; the blind children have a greater facility in verbalization than the children with sight.
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Piotr Oleś, Maria Oleś
Piotr Oleś
Zagadnienie wartości w psychologii humanistycznej A. H. Maslowa i C. R. Rogersa
The Problem of Value in Humanistic Psychology by A. H. Maslow and C. R. Rogers
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The aim of the article is to present and at the same time to show the complementary character and the possibilities of combining Mas low’s and Rogers’s views concerning the role and meaning of value in personality. In the article only the most important basic discriminations of vallues have been mentioned, mainly within the humanistic approach. The problems presented in the paper focus on the assumption that the values chosen and realized by an individual, as well as the ways of adopting them and behaving according to them, are closely connected with the personal growth and mental health of the individual.According to the ideas of the leading spokesmen of the humanistic approach in psychology, man has an innate complex of potentials and is naturally directed towards the realization of those potentials which are contained in his nature (the tendency towards self-actualization). Biologically coded potentials determine specific and individual values, in othdr words, man has a deep inner source of the evaluation process and the values that result from the functioning of that process. These values are most beneficial for the individual as regards his full human development. Under certain conditions a person can adopt the values of the community which is generally connected with the repression of natural values.The behaviour of a person motivated by inner values resulting from his abilities and potentials has a string of characteristics; it is spontaneous, authentic, creative, flexible and adjusted to the situation, besides it is connected with the attitude of self-acceptance and the acceptance of others, and leads to personal growht and individual development and gives the person a sense of happiness. Self-actualizing people choose individually similar values, good for them and for others. The descriptions of the functioning of the mature personality are highly congruent in the theories of Maslow and Rogers. In the interpretation of pathological phenomena the views of both authors of the humanistic approach are also concurrent.Maslow sees the unfavorable and pathological functioning of personality in the frustration of basic needs. Therefore whatever can satisfy those needs becomes the value determining behaviour to a large extent. The absence of satisfaction of the need for self-actualization, that is the lack of realization of the innate values of existence, leads to various forms of metapathology. Rogers views the phenomena of neuroses, other disorders and maladies as a result of the repression of the inner evaluating process and the introjection of values due to experienced conditional regard. Taking on contradictory conceivable values from different sources and the lack of realization of the operative values connected with an individuat’s potential, results in self-deception.In connection with the new view on the human values which the humanistic approach offers, significant proposals concerning mainly prophylaxis and psychotherapy appear. Moreover, on the basis of the research on the selection of values that are most beneficial to man, a new branch of knowledge on human values can be created.
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Issue: 4
Zbigniew Zaleski
Zbigniew Zaleski
Zgodność w uznawaniu wartości a zadowolenie z małżeństwa
Consistence in Value Appreciation and Marriage Satisfaction
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The author deals with the problem of the connection between accepted values and satisfaction with marriage. The empirical study was to verify the hypothesis that the satisfied couples would be more similar in their appraisal of values than the dissatisfied ones. 30 satisfied and 30 dissatisfied couples were selected with the help of maritial satisfaction scale constructed by M. Gałkowska. Then all subjects were tested with the value rating scale constructed by the author of the article, which contained 12 groups of values: material, aesthetic, political, salubrious, scientific, moral, hedonistic, socia\ religious, humanistic and the values of prestige and risk.The results show that the satisfied couples are significantly more concurrent in their appraisal of religious and hedonistic values. The nature of these values seems to explain to a large extent their meaning for the married life of a couple. The comparison of the results of the satisfied and dissatisfied persons made separately for both sexes reveals that the satisfied women appreeilted more the 'humanistic values whereas the dissatisfied ones preferred the values of prestige, material, salubrious and scientific. The satisfied men preferred religious values and the dissatisfied ones regarded the same values which were chosen by the dissatisfied women, as most important.The author is of opinion that the values, incorporated in the structure of personality, perform a regulative function in the behaviour of man. The individuals having a similar hierarchy of values form more strongly connected groups and perform their common tasks more effectively. The achievement of common and at the same time of individual goals brings satisfaction both to individual members of a group and to the group as a whole. The similarity of accepted values may be an important factor determining the success and effectiveness of the activity of different types of groups, such as: a psychotherapist and his patients, a teacher and his pupils or the management of a works and the workers. Therefore it seems important thf congruity of values be taken into consideration while forming such groups.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Issue: 4
Elżbieta Tracewicz
Elżbieta Tracewicz
Trwałość związku małżeńskiego w retrospektywnej ocenie osob rozwiedzionych
The Stability of Marriage in a Retrospective Appraisal of Divorcees
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Predicting the stability of the future marriage is a matter of forming a psychical representation of the future i. e. vision. It is formed on the basis of the psychical representation of an individual’s own premaritial situation and the model of marriage adopted by that individual. The model is a reference point in the comparisons between the individual’s own betrothal situation and the situations of other betrothed and married couples. The vision of the future marriage as a stable relation is therefore the result of reasoning by analogy and the extrapolation of the acquired judgements.The aim of this work it to answer the question whether the vision of their future marriage which the divorcees had before they got married contained any elements indicating an allowance for the possibility of divorce in the future.The investigations were made by means of the standardized interview. 205 people took part in t but only 196 cases were put to psychological analysis. The investigations presented here represent only a small part of the larger work on the psychological and sociological conditioning of the decision of divorce which were made by F. Adamski, P. Kryezka and E. Tracewicz.The analysis of the results of the investigations showed that the premaritial vision of their own marriage, among the pronounced majority of the subjects, contained not only the conviction that their marriage would last till death but also that there were conditions ensuring such stability. These results indicate that the regulative function of vision is considerably limited.The absence of the expected effect of „backward thinking” in the post-divorce evaluation of their own premaritial situation among the divorced subjects, was a surprise to the author. In the psychological theory of decision the effect of „backward thinking” is regarded as a typical post-decision reaction. Its absence may be evidence of the inadequacy of some statements of the psychological theory of decision with respect to existential decision situations especially those characterized by a high degree of decision risk.
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Wiesław Skrzyński
Wiesław Skrzyński
Poszczegolne wymiary czasu w ocenie neurotykow o rożnym stopniu poczucia sensu życia
Particular Dimensions of Time in the Evaluation of Neurotics with Various Degrees of a Sense of Purpose in Life
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The individual existential space of a person can foe described in terms of that person’s attitude toward subjectively experienced time. This attitude can be expressed in the evaluation of the past and the present and evaluation of future expectations.In order to specify the meaning of the particular dimensions of time for persons with different degrees of the sense of purpose in life and of different psychical health, 120 persons were examined; 60 of whom were under treatment in hospital in neurosis wards (patients with functional disorders of a neurotic character) and another 60 made a control group (sane persons).The subjects were grouped according to their degree of a sense of purpose in life by means of the PIL scale by Crumbaugh and Maholick. The patients with a low sense of purpose in life, according to the assumptions of V. E. Frankl’s theory, were described as noogenic neurotics whereas those with a high sense of purpose in life, as psychogenic neurotics.Afterwards the subjects evaluated the concepts of „the past”, „the present” and „the future” on 10 bipolar adjective scales. The technique used in the experiment was Osgood’s semantic differential.The results of the study have revealed that noogenic neurotics display the least accepting attitude towards all three dimensions of time. Their evaluations of the past and especially of the present are decidedly negative. Less intense disapproval of the future may be caused by their high concentration on the present difficulties. The evaluations of psychogenic patients come close to the evaluations of the sane persons.The results of the study show that in the existential space of a person the most important dimension of time is the present, including those elements of the past which coexist with it as meaningful and non-accqpted. The conclusions from these investigations seem to be of importance for the therapy of neurotic patients.
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Maria Oleś
Maria Oleś
Poziom akceptacji siebie u kobiet z rozpoznaną nerwicą a ich stosunek do otoczenia
The Level of Self-Acceptance in Women with Diagnosed Neurosis and Their Attitude toward Their Surrounding
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The aim of this article is to give an account of the investigations concerning the relation between the level of self-acceptance in neurotics (women) and their function in society as well as their attitude toward the social surrounding. A group of 60 women diagnosed as having neurosis were tested. The task of the work was to make a comparative analysis of 2 extreme groups of women: the self-approving group and the self-disapproving one. The following set of methods was applied to the investigation: the MMPI, the ACL by H. G. Gough! and some chosen scales from the CPI by Gough (Sy, So, To, Gi). Additionally the 3-rd version of the ACL in the form of „What is your surrounding” was applied in order to obtain an adjectival description of the social surrounding.On the basis of the examination with the ACL it may be stated that low self- -estimation and self-disapproval is symptomatic of neurotics. However, from among the tested a group of persons (D) with a high level of self ^disapproval as well as a group of persons (A) who accept themselves, emerged. The two groups differ drastically as to the level of divergence between the real and ideal image of the self and present two different complexes of .personality characteristics important for the social functioning of man. The analysis of the results in the CPI scales has shown statistically meaningful differences between the groups as to the traits tested by means of the scales: Sy, So, Gi. The compared groups of women differ in the degree of social adaptability, self-assurance and initiative in relations with others and also as to sociability, openness for contacts and the level of functioning in interpersonal relations.The interpretation of the 3-rd version of the ACL concerning the description of the social surrounding was also presented. The results acquired are discussed in the light of selected theories and the results of the investigations.
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Zdzisław Chlewiński
Zdzisław Chlewiński
Mathematical Psychology
Mathematical Psychology
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Images from "Ekspresja rysunkowa dzieci na temat pobytu papieża Jana Pawła II w Polsce"
Images from "Ekspresja rysunkowa dzieci na temat pobytu papieża Jana Pawła II w Polsce"
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rozprawy |
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Issue: 3
Mieczysław Lubański
Mieczysław Lubański
Zagadnienia antropologiczne w aspekcie systemowo-filozoficznym
Anthropological problems in the system-informative aspect
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In recent decades a significant trend has appeared in human thought, which seems to become more and more representative. Generally speaking it is the view, according to which there are no objects completely isolated, on the contrary, they are compound arrangements of elements mutually effecting one another, with the information considered a structural element of the reality.The article aims at presenting the anthropological problems in the system-informative aspect. Man is presented as a system, thanks to which attention is drawn to his environment. Moreover, the feedbacks existing in the system as well as between the system and and its environment are considered. In this way a dynamic attitude towards man and the problem of his development are achieved. Man is a developing creature in the state of unstable balance. Man is also a system transforming information. The system-informative attitude towards man seems to be a new one, giving a richer picture of man as compared with the old attitude.Also the problem of creating new philosophical categories, to which information and system belong, is considered. These categories give a richer picture not only of man, but of the universe as well.
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Waldemar Korczyński, Stanis·aw A. Wrona
Waldemar Korczyński
Kilka uwag o przyczynowości
Some Remarks on the Causality
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The paper present a method of describing causality — structures clasical mechanics and special relativity. As a mathematical tool for describing the structures these theory’s of “labelled partially ordered sets” is used.
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Henryk Piersa
Henryk Piersa
Eksplikacyjna funkcja modelu w fizyce na przykładzie gazu doskonałego
The explicative function of model in physics as exemplified by the perfect gas
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The paper presents the explicative function of the model of the perfect gas against the background of the evolution of the sense and range of this term which has been going on in the contemporary physics. Specifying the definition of the term „perfect gas” in the classical statistics, we have examined the explanation of the regularity Q,=fR for the noble gas in detail. Pointing to the necessity to modify the meaning of the term “perfect gas”, under the influence of the discoveries done by the 20th century physics (elementary particles, photon, phonon, etc.), we have given an explanation of the Planck’s law for the distribution of the energy density in the radiation of a black body. The discussion is concluded with an attempt to define the term “perfect gas” in the contemporary physics.
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Włodzimierz Sedlak
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Zarys biologii relatywistycznej
An outline of relativistic biology
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Nature has probably performed a relativisation of mass in the living organism. An attempt should be done to reinterpret it in this aspect. Rejecting Newton’s mechanics with its own mass, time and Euclidean geometry was the point of departure for Einstein’s argumentation. Translating all the rules of relativistic physics into a living organism is impossible. Only an analogous transfer of the general rules to the living matter could be done, although the situation today seems much easier in biology than in physics in Einstein’s time, since we already have the relativistic result of the nature — the living object. Hence it fotllows, that one must speak of a transformation of the mass of organic compounds into the living matter and energetistic changes connected with it. The birth of life would result from this transformation. Minkowski's light cone can convey an idea of the transformation in relation to life (fig. 2). The transformation goes on in differetiating and integration of biomass to the state of a cell, Metazoa and evolution of the biosphere. The evolution time can be an indicator of this relativisation (Figs. 1 and 3).Bioelectronics has prepared the ground for the relativisation of biology through the electromagnetic‘theory of life, through the formulation of general rules of wave biology and reduction of life consciousness to the electromagnetic identity on the quantum level.Nature has also accomplished a transition to the general theory of relativity. The reference system in biology cannot be constituted by the explorer’s organism, nor by his consciousness with the experienced individual time, his own mass and his staying in a three-dimensional space. Without relativisation the division of human nature into soma and consciousness becomes necessary.Life should be viewed as an event in the four-dimensional space with peculiar points of field condensation. The maximum field condensation is viewed as an organism. A relativisation of time in#the general theory of biological relativity was being done along with the creation of human consciousness. In a three-dimensional space there is no future, which is a characteristic of experiencing a four dimensional space, in which the life of an organism and its consciousness take place. The division of the parameters of time and space is equal to the death of the organism or to its return to the three-dimensional geometry, and hence to Newton’s mechanics.
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Stanisław Zięba
Stanisław Zięba
Mechanicystyczna koncepcja życia u Jacques’a Monoda
Conception Mécaniste de la Vie Chez Jacques Monod
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L’article est composé de deux parties: la présentation et la partie critique. Dans la première, après les remarques générales concernant toute l’activité scientifique, on entreprend une présentation des étapes de la conception de Monod dans un certain aspect. Il ne s’agit pas d’une présentation complète. Dans le présent article, on a fait abstraction des problèmes de l’origine de la vie, de l’évolution de la biosphère, de l’antropologie. Il s’agissait de choisir et caractériser parmi les éléments de sa conception ceux qui permettent de se faire une opinion sur la valeur de sa théorie. Non pas sur sa valeur absolue car ceci est impossible étant donné l’état actuel des connaissances en biologie et philosophie. Le but était de montrer la valeur de cette conception par rapport à la discussion qui se déroule en biologie theorique et en philosophie de la nature. La deuxième partie tend à analyser cette conception, à répondre quel type de mécanisme elle représente et quelles en sont les conséquences pour les valeurs cognitives.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
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Issue: 3
Stanisław Kyć
Stanisław Kyć
Adaptacja w budowie morfologicznej i anatomicznej liścia do rożnych intensywności światła i ich związek z właściwościami fotosyntetycznymi
Adaptation of Morphological and Anatomical Structure of the Leaf to Different Light Intensities and Their Relation to the Photosynthetic Properties
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Plants adapt to different light intensities in different ways. The article only presents the adaptation in morphological and anatomical structure of the leaf as well as their connection with the simultaneously changing photosynthetic properties.Generally, under the influence of a greater light intensity leaves are shorter, wider, and thicker, they have a smaller surface, bigger fresh and dry mass, smaller SLA and greater SLA and Ame,/A, they have more stomatal apparatuses per unit of the leaf surface, more layers of mesophyll, more thickened cell walls of the peel and of the mechanical tissue.A positive correlation has been found between many changes induced by the light intensity, as e.g. the thickness of the leaf, its surface, fresh mass, dry mass, SLA, SLW, Ames/A and the values of the photosynthesis. It cannot however be maintained that these changes per se and directly modify the process of photosynthesis. It is likely that it is the simultanuous changes in the quantity of pigments, electron transportation components, PS I or PS II, which matter.
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20.
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Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
29 >
Issue: 3
Gerarda Jodkowska
Gerarda Jodkowska
Wpływ pola geoelektrycznego na rytmy dobowe organizmow
The influence of geoelectric field on organisms’ diurnal rhythms
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The aim of the article is a presentation of the accessible scientific experimental data concerning the influence of the geoelectric field on biorhythms of 24 hours period. From this data it follows that diurnal changes of geoelectric field intensity and the natural electric field with the frequency of 10 Hz play the role of entraining agents for organisms’ diurnal rhythms. In the conclusion of the article some inferences which follow from the entraining role of the geoelectric field have been quoted. Also the difficulties connected with the exploration of the influence of this subtle geophysical agent on biorhythms have been pointed to.
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