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Piotr Pasterczyk
Piotr Pasterczyk
Pojęcie osoby w antropologii Hansa Eduarda Hengstenberga
Concept of Person in the Hans Eduard Hengstenberg’s Anthropology
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The article discuss the anthropological issue of Scheler’s most successful pupil, Hans Eduard Hengstenberg. The German philosopher tried to unite two different philosophical traditions: phenomenology and classical metaphysics. His main achievement was foundation of the new anthropological position based on the phenomenological concept of Sachlichkeit and the ontology of constitution. The article explains the inner logic of Hengstenberg’s ontological position and exams his philosophical criticism against the traditional hylemorfic theory of Aristotle used as a scholastic tool for explaining the union between body and mind.
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Deborah Savage
Deborah Savage
The Centrality of Lived Experience in Wojtyla’s Account of the Person
Fundamentalne znaczenie przeżycia w Karola Wojtyły ujęciu osoby
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The aim of this paper is to illuminate the centrality of lived experience in Karol Wojytla’s account of the person and identify its significance for philosophy and praxis in the contemporary period. Specifically the author intends to pursue the meaning of Wojtyla’s claim that “the category of lived experience must have a place in anthropology and ethics—and somehow be at the center of their respective interpretations.” The paper seeks to recover an important insight into the task of philosophy: according to Karol Wojtyla, if philosophy is to perform its essential function in the recovery of our culture, we have no choice but to turn our attention to the subjectivity of human persons—and this can only be done by taking up the somewhat risky challenge of studying the reality of lived human experience. The paper will analyze Wojtyla’s argument that the problem of human subjectivity is at the epicenter of debates about the human person and will argue that his solution reconciles the dilemma posed by the historical antinomies that have characterized anthropology and epistemology, viz., the “objective” or ontological view of the human being and the “subjectivism” often associated with the philosophy of consciousness, and their corollaries, realism and idealism.At least in the English speaking context, where the validity of individual experience has risen to the level of almost dogmatic significance for social and political life, Father Wojtyla’s claim appears either to have gone unnoticed or to have been rejected. And perhaps, at least on the surface, this is not without reason. The modern interest in human subjectivity is blamed for many contemporary maladies, including subjectivism, relativism and the pride of place now given to any individual point of view, no matter how ill informed. Claims about the existence of truth or an objective moral order often cannot find a foothold when confronted with the argument that such realities do not resonate with a particular individual’s personal “experience.” The priority given to subjective personal experience in determining what constitutes right thinking and moral human behavior, assuming that question is even asked, is now a commonplace assumption; it is something alternately deplored or celebrated both by intellectuals and the “man on the street.”Given this situation, that a philosopher of Father Wojtyla’s stature and obvious moral authority should make such an argument is a matter of critical importance, especially for those who seek to ground human action in objective moral norms in an era where an arguably flawed account of human subjectivity clearly has taken center stage. The paper shows that Wojtyla is not adverting to experience as an adjunct to moral relativism or personal preference as an approach to questions of the true and the good. On the contrary, the author shows that the philosopher Karol Wojtyla provides a way to remain grounded in the metaphysical and ontological categories that not only comprise our intellectual heritage, but refer to real and profound truths, while simultaneously accounting for the subjectivity and dynamism of the person. The paper concludes with an argument that this account provides a key hermeneutical device for understanding the enormous importance of the work of Pope John Paul II.
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie kluczowej roli przeżycia w Karola Wojtyły koncepcji osoby, a także określenie jego znaczenia dla filozofii oraz ludzkiej praxis w perspektywie współczesności. W sposób szczególny autorka precyzuje przekonanie Wojtyły, że „kategoria przeżycia musi odnaleźć swe miejsce w antropologii i w etyce, co więcej – musi do pewnego stopnia stanąć w centrum uwagi odnośnych interpretacji”. Artykuł dąży do przywrócenia właściwej wizji zadań filozofii; według Karola Wojtyły, jeśli fundamentalną rolą filozofii jest uzdrowienie naszej kultury, nie mamy innego wyboru, jak podkreślić znaczenie podmiotowości ludzkiej osoby, czego wymogiem jest jednak wyzwanie do podjęcia analizy rzeczywistości ludzkiego przeżycia. Artykuł analizuje argumentację Wojtyły, że problem ludzkiej podmiotowości stanowi sedno debaty dotyczącej osoby ludzkiej. Wyraża przekonanie, że jego rozwiązanie pozwala przezwyciężyć napięcie, jakie ujawniło się w dziejach antropologii i epistemologii, między „obiektywistyczną” lub ontologiczną wizją ludzkiego bytu oraz „subiektywizmem”, często łączonym z filozofią świadomości, a także ich następstwami, czyli realizmem i idealizmem.
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Sławomir Piechaczek
Sławomir Piechaczek
Iluzja buddyjskiego wyzwolenia w myśli Emila Ciorana
The Illusion of Buddhist Liberation in Emil Cioran’s Thought
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Wishing to defeat or silence a fear of death and not being able to find support from religion, neighbours, culture and ideas, turns Emil Cioran towards the philosophy of the East. Buddhism, which is not an institutionalized religion, refers to reflection and a cognitive effort, and aims at the purification of the consciousness from illusions of the external world. Those illusions create a number of attachments and desires and in this way, they arouse in a man constant anxiety and suffering at the thought of disappointment, failure and loss. In striving for purification from illusions, desires and sufferings, Cioran reaches for Buddhist contemplation techniques over what is left from a man after death, and for the Buddhist notion of emptiness, which helps in removing the content from the world, and thanks to all of this, the fear of death disappears, the impression of undisturbed completeness and happiness is attained, moreover, the state of blissful indifference is achieved. Ultimately, the author of Drawn and Quartered cannot consent to such an existential limbo and imputes to Buddhism, that by renouncing desires, attachments and sufferings, in fact, it renounces life due to pointless indifference, it creates only an illusion of liberation, in the essence, it is strange for a man from the West and therefore, it quickly arouses a desire for a re-involvement in the agitated course of illusions, objects, issues, passions and a common pursuits.
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Michał Kapias
Michał Kapias
Odpowiedzialność narodu za państwo w koncepcjach współczesnych personalistów polskich
Responsibility for the State of the Nation
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Contemporary times, filled with ideas of postmodernism and globalization, are not conducive to reflection on the concept of the nation. Meanwhile, the nation as a community of people from the same family has a personal dimension. The nation should therefore have a significant impact on the state, which is public. There is a need to take responsibility for the quality of the state by the national community.Especially this responsibility is reflected in the idea of realization of the common good. The state has the duty to care for common welfare and enable people to participate in it.National community helps in this process. Its fundament is a common good implemented by every person. A national culture has important role in the responsibility for the state. The specificity of a culture—with its sovereignty—distinguishes a given nation from others. This makes it possible to play a significant role in building the sovereignty of the country.However, in taking responsibility for the state, the most important is a person. Because he is a human being – what is particularly emphasized by Polish personalists.
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Jan Kłos
Jan Kłos
Tetrada, czyli czteroelementowy wzorzec przemian kulturowych
Tetrad, or the Fourfold Pattern of Cultural Transformations
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This paper seeks to discuss the tetradic structure of cultural transformations effected by human artifacts. It was Marshall McLuhan’s main idea to think of our historical changes in terms of various modes of communication. Each mode introduces a new form of human interaction. The spoken word produced coherent communities. The written word caused fragmentation. McLuhan believed that electronic artifacts would restore the lost integrity. His tetradic structure of cultural changes was inspired by Gestalt psychology with its key pair: figure—ground. McLuhan thought that humanity is resonating within this two elements evolving from the culture of the written word to the culture of the spoken word. Eventually, we shall found ourselves in the acoustic space.
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Paweł Gondek
Paweł Gondek
Złożenie z materii i formy jako ontyczna podstawa pluralizmu w filozofii Arystotelesa
The Composites of Matter and Form as the Ontic Foundation of Pluralism in Aristotle’s Philosophy
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The question under consideration is an attempt to present the ontic foundations for a pluralistic interpretation of reality, the interpretation specific of Aristotle’s metaphysics. This text shows the way to understand being as substance and indicates its composite structure. The being’s composite of matter and form as subontic elements is principal in the context of ontic pluralism. It is a foundation on which to comprehend being both in the context of identity and variability. Despite the fact that the principal constitutive factor is form, it is only owing to the being’s composite of matter and form, and the specific relationship between these elements, that we can explain the ontic structure of reality. A review of the modes of being has been made with a view to matter and form (in Aritotle’s sublunary and superlunary spheres of the world). The modes of matter and form and their specific ontic character reveal the real foundations of the ontic plurality and variability in the world. There is no contradiction in the fact that the formal factor actualizes the material factor because these elements create a whole—being-substance—only in combination.
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Adam Gadoski
Adam Gadoski
On Some Striking Example of Jan Czochralski, and His Scientific Achievements, Allowing to Underline His Year 2013 in Poland
Na temat uderzającego przypadku Jana Czochralskiego i jego osiągnięć naukowych pozwalających podkreślić ważność roku 2013 dla upamiętnienia tej postaci
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A question has been addressed, and then partly answered, namely, to what degree Jan Czochralski, an eminent and well-recognized abroad Polish crystallographer, chemist, and metallurgist, also a material (metal) scientist, should, when based on his achievements in research, belong to (physicochemical) metallurgy, or ought to be recognized rather as a (“pure”) chemist, working in a chemical fashion with metals and their impurities-containing alloys. The actual ground for trying to answer the intriguing question, relies on the fact that he performed his research entirely within physicochemical, or specifically, mechanochemical metallurgy of complex as well as very practical material systems that he was able to resolve successfully by his treatments. Its has been attempted to show that his type of research should be described as interdisciplinary, thus, being synergistically intermingled amongst a few crossdisciplines of technological and basic research. Astonishingly, his historical-context sensitive life, can also be viewed as the one being well networked amongst many areas of his activity, drawing him as inventor, university professor, owner, investor, art supporter, philanthropist, as well as some truly modest poetry author, or finally, husband and father of three children.
W pracy tej postawiono sobie pytanie, na które udzielono częściowej odpowiedzi, a mianowicie: do jakiego stopnia należałoby uważać postać Jana Czochralskiego, wybitnego i powszechnie znanego polskiego krystalografa, chemika oraz metaloznawcę, a także materiałoznawcę – jeśli posiłkować się jego dokonaniami naukowo-badawczymi – jako przedstawiciela metalurgii fizycznej (fizykochemicznej) lub traktować go jako („czystego”) chemika, pracującego zgodnie z arkanami tej dyscypliny z metalami i ich zawierającymi domieszki i/lub zanieczyszczenia stopami? Rzeczywista podstawa do sformułowania odpowiedzi na tak zadane intrygujące pytanie polega na tym, że badacz wykonywał z sukcesem swoje badania naukowe głównie na styku obszarów metaloznawstwa, gdzie kontekst fizykochemiczny przenika się z jego mechanicznym, ale również chemicznym odpowiednikiem, co podkreśla złożoność badanych przez niego układów, mających bardzo duże znaczenie praktyczne. Dokonano próby pokazania, że tak zaprojektowany typ badań powinien zostać opisany jako typ badań interdyscyplinarnych, w których manifestuje się synergizm poszczególnych (sub)dyscyplin, kształtujących te badania. Co zadziwiające, życie tego badacza w ówczesnym kontekście historycznym może stanowić gotowy zapis złożonego w swej naturze scenariusza, zawierającego sieć skomplikowanych wzajemnych połączeń jego indywidualnych aktywności życiowych, wskazujących na przyjmowanie przez niego wielu życiowych ról, jak choćby roli wynalazcy, profesora uniwersytetu, właściciela dóbr materialnych, inwestora, mecenasa sztuki, filantropa, jak również prawdziwie skromnego autora poezji czy też wreszcie męża i ojca trójki dzieci.
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Andrzej Bronk
Andrzej Bronk
To Make Public Life More Moral. Luigi Sturzo’s Socio-Political Doctrine
Umoralnić życie publiczne. Luigiego Sturza doktryna społeczno-polityczna
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Anna Głąb
Anna Głąb
Bóg – filozofia – uniwersytety. Wybrane zagadnienia z historii katolickiej tradycji filozoficznej
God, Philosophy, Universities: A Selective History of the Catholic Philosophical Tradition
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Antoni Szwed
Freedom as an Uncertain Cause in Graham Greene’s Novels: A Philosophical and Literary Analysis
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Andrzej Krzysztof Rogalski
Andrzej Krzysztof Rogalski
Gramatyka uniwersalna:
Ray Jackendoff versus Noam Chomsky
Universal Grammar
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The most controversial aspect of generative grammar of Chomsky was a hypothesis that humans have a specific cognitive innate structure in language acquisition, called afterwards the Universal Grammar (UG) hypothesis. That approach was consequently sustained by him in Syntactic Structures, Aspects of The Theory of Syntax, and The Minimalist Program. In fact, Chomsky’s analytic attention was mostly focused on the structure of the syntax of language, that in turn is to generate different phonological structures as well as semantic ‘interpretation’ respectively. Identifying of UG with a deep-structure level of a language did not influenced in solving a problem of innate cognitive structure of humans. Ray Jackendoff, grown up among the generativists, does not share the ‘syntactocentric’ approach of Chomsky proposing the ‘parallel architecture’ in which phonological, syntactic and semantic levels are reciprocally interfaced in the program of ‘biolinguistics’ that is to encourage the necessary culture of inter-scientific collaboration. By means of his theory of conceptual semantics Jackendoff tries to show that a system of concepts expressed in human language is an autonomous generative component of human brain/mind that processed out of evolution.
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Renata Ziemińska
Renata Ziemińska
Dwie koncepcje prawdy i dwie wizje świata
Two Notions of Truth and Two Concepts of the World
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There are two basic notions of truth (objectivism and subjectivism) connected with two understandings of the world (respectively, realism and idealism). Author claims, against deflationists, that the concept of truth is not metaphysically neutral. Tarski’s T-schema requires some metaphysical reading. Reading the schema from the left to the right, leads to realism. Reading the schema from the right to the left, leads to anti-realism. The concept of truth is the part of some ontological package deal or alethic network. There are two basic packages, competing since centuries, that focus on two poles in human cognition: subject and object.
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Ks. Michał Adamczyk
Ks. Michał Adamczyk
Nauka i ścisłość, czyli w stronę J.F. Drewnowskiego minimalnej aparatury symbolicznej
Science and Accuracy, i.e. towards J.F. Drewnowski Minimum Symbolic Apparatus
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The subject of this article is the symbol mechanism proposed by J.F. Drewnowski as a tool for the accurate formulation of sentences in science, including theology. The tool consists of three elements: classical propositional calculus, classical predicate calculus without variable functors and constant functor of the elementary proposition f (x,y,z). This sentence contains three arguments of three different types that correspond to the frame of reference, things and qualities of things. The purpose of this article is to show the language apparatus in the context of author’s other works as well as explain the terms characteristic for the author in order to enable the assessment of the value and timeliness of this idea.
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Marcin Trepczyński
Marcin Trepczyński
Logika teologii objawionej w pismach Alberta Wielkiego i Tomasza z Akwinu
The Logic of Revealed Theology in the Works of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas
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In this paper the Author presents some remarks and hypotheses concerning the logic of revealed theology according to approach of Saint Albert the Great and Saint Thomas Aquinas. First of all he shows that in their opinion revealed theology uses logic (as a science of correct reasonings). He also discusses the problem of scientific status of revealed theology on the grounds of the most important methodological fragments from their summas of theology; in this light he analyses if the revealed theology in their view may be interpreted as a kind of axiomatic deductive system. The Author inclines to give a positive answer on this question and presents a couple of arguments for such a hypothesis, however he is aware that the point is not totally clear and—hence—open for discussion. The next topic is a question if we can admit that Thomas adopts one of non-monotonic logic (understood here as relation of inference or relation of consequence) in some reasonings which we find in his Summa Theologiae. The Author gives a positive answer and confronts his opinion with an opinion of his opponent. In the third set of remarks he wonders if we may adopt that Aquinas accepts some local modifications in logic (this time understood as a some general rules of thinking), such as “the logic of Trinity” or “the Christologic”. Finally the Author invokes a case of the logic of negative theology and a nature of negation adopted according to this approach. However these remarks presented in this article concern the works of Albert and Thomas, the Author tends to affirm that their approach to the Catholic revealed theology is a proper one and—in this light—these conclusions may be valid for contemporary theology.
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Ks. Marek Porwolik
„Piąta droga” św. Tomasza z Akwinu w formalizacjach J.M. Bocheńskiego i P. Weingartnera
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The present state of research reveals that basically Fr. J.M. Bochenski (1902-1995) left three versions of the formalizations of St. Thomas Aquinas’ fifth way. The first version comes from the article Die fünf Wege, published in 1989, and the third one, which is unauthorized, from the book Gottes Dasein und Wesen. Logische Studien zur Summa Theologiae I, qq. 2-11, published in Munich in 2003. These works are completed by the second version from two manuscripts of the book: one German (1989) and one Polish (1993).The above mentioned texts have shown the contribution made by Fr. J.M. Bochenski into the realization of the intended application of the tools of contemporary logic in the field of philosophy of God as well as theology. One of the main followers of these ideas in Austria has been Paul Weingartner (born 1931). In 2010 he published God’s Existence? A Logical Commentary on the Five Ways of Thomas Aquinas, a book which makes direct references to J.M. Bochenski’s works, and like Bochenski’s work it is a logical commentary to certain fragments of St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae.
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Antoni Szwed
Antoni Szwed
Sørena Kierkegaarda sąd nad Marcinem Lutrem i luteranizmem
Søren Kierkegaard’s Judgement on Martin Luther and Lutheranism
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What did Søren Kierkegaard think on Martin Luther? In some cases he treated to the German reformer positively, but simultaneously very often severily criticized him. Generally speaking, relationship of Journals author to Martin Luther was complicated and ambiguous. Kierkegaard strived to the amendment of contemporary Danish Lutheranism, which was burdened by Luther’s doctrinal errors, and also deteriorated by later generations of Lutherans. Danish thinker accused Luther of considerable reducing of ethical Christian demands by means of moral act values depreciation, abolition of clergyman celibacy and dissolution of monastery life, rejection of ascetic practices like voluntary poverty, fastings, renunces and intensive contemplative life, connection of religious doctrine and cult with real politics. It was main reason for secularization of contemporary to Kierkegaard Danish Christianity.Over the course of time with Kierkegaard the immanent criticism of Lutheranism turned into some kind of external one. Luther’s doctrine was not sufficient for him. He disclosed essential lacks. Hence in spite of clear declarations of remaining at the national faith, he leaned more and more towards Catholicism. Kierkegaard discovered, Protestantism was only “corrective remedy” to Catholicism, but from the beginning the its existence was dependent on the Catholic Church. Hence, Danish thinker was rather protagonist to shape contemporary Protestantism according to catholic patterns than to reform Catholicism according to protestant rules.The main aim of his article is to indicate the whole estimation range of the Luther and Lutheranism, we find in Søren Kierkegaard’s Journals. Furthermore, we do not decide anything about theological rightness or unjustness of Danish thinker criticism directed to German reformer Martin Luther.
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Jan Szot
Jan Szot
O niektórych uwarunkowaniach Fregowskiej teorii kwantyfikacji
On some Determinats of the Fregean Theory of Quantification
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The article discusses the Fregean way of producing multiple quantifications and distinction between complex and simple predicates. In the proper sense only the complex predicates are a kind of the incomplete expression (unselbsständig). Many contemporary authors of general logic textbooks do not pay due attention to that determinants.
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Eugeniusz Wojciechowski
Eugeniusz Wojciechowski
Identyczność, pewne zaimki funktorowe i deskrypcje
Identity, Certain Functor Pronouns and Description
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From the logical point of view, the most interesting among the pronouns are demonstrative pronouns (especially: this/that), indefinite pronouns (a/an), definite pronoun (the) and quantifying pronouns (every, all, some). Unlike personal pronouns (e.g. I/you/he) they are in fact functors (of the n/n category).The differentiation between personal pronouns (n) and functor pronouns (n/n) is vital here. This differentiation does not exist in traditional grammar.The study is limited to determining functor pronouns with the use of logical properties of quantifying expressions, which are functor pronouns themselves – all (π) and some (σ) – formally expressed in the quantifier-less calculus of names (BRN). The calculus is properly enriched with demonstrative pronouns (demonstrativa), in connection to certain studies by Toshiharu Waragai (LID). An attempt to employ this system (BRND) in the analysis of some fragments of Ockham’s Summa Logicae is shown here. The work is concluded with the analysis of a functor pronoun the only (ι), being a special case of a definite pronoun, which is characterised here by means of rules. The work reveals the connection between this pronoun and the operator of definite descriptions (marked in the same way) in relation to a certain Ludwik Borkowski’s conception.
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Jacek Jarocki
Jacek Jarocki
Uwagi polemiczne do tekstu Katarzyny Kuś Wyobrażenia obrazowe jako świadectwa na rzecz przekonań modalnych
Polemical Remarks on the Text by Katarzyna Kuś Imaging Notions as Testimonies to the Modal Beliefs
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Rafał Kupczak
Rafał Kupczak
Potrójnie o sumieniu
Triply about Conscience
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