Cover of The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab
Already a subscriber? - Login here
Not yet a subscriber? - Subscribe here

Displaying: 41-47 of 47 documents

Show/Hide alternate language

дискуссия / discussions
41. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Артем Маркович Фейгельман Artem M. Feigelman
Что в черном ящике: «десакрализация» науки и ее последствия
What is hidden in the black box

abstract | view |  rights & permissions | cited by
Статья является репликой на работу Е.В. Масланова, посвященную современной специфике коммуникации между научным и ненаучным сообществом. Утверждается, что все большая прозрачность границ между учеными и неучеными, достигаемая за счет развития современных средств коммуникации, полезна как для общества, так и для науки. Данный коммуникативный тренд сравнивается с веберовским «расколдовыванием», объектом которого является не природа, а сама наука, которая таким образом десакрализуется и лишается ореола загадочности для непосвященных. На примере истории компании «Theranos» утверждается опасность закрытости научных знаний и институций, особенно если последние претендуют на серьезное вмешательство в жизненный мир человека и связаны с большими финансовыми вложениями. Подчеркивается, что движение навстречу ненаучному сообществу не ставит автономность науки под угрозу, а, напротив, является залогом ответственного и заинтересованного отношения ученых и общества друг к другу. Ставится под сомнение та опасность для автономии науки, которую, по мнению Е.В. Масланова, несет в себе доступность актуальных научных знаний для широкого круга интересующихся. На примере художественной работы Е. Стрелкова «Третья идея» утверждается, что даже в проектах сайнсарта, представляющих собой зону обмена между научным и ненаучным сообществом, наука предстает как автономная область, требующая особого подхода и усилия понимания. В конце статьи делается вывод о необходимости заинтересованного и в то же время критического диалога между учеными и неучеными. Именно такой диалог, по мнению автора статьи, является основой для сохранения независимости жизненного мира научного сообщества от властных претензий представителей «системы» – бизнеса, власти, церковных организаций.
42. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Евгений Валерьевич Масланов Evgeniy V. Maslanov
Оптимистичный взгляд пессимиста: ответ оппонентам
The optimistic view of the pessimist: reply to critics

abstract | view |  rights & permissions | cited by
Приводятся краткие ответы на замечания критиков к статье «Коммуникация ученых и новые информационно-коммуникационные технологии (заметки пессимиста)». Соглашаясь с тезисом о том, что необходим общественный контроль за реализацией научных проектов, автор отмечает, что его функционирование затруднено «иллюзией понимания» науки. Опора на иллюзию понимания позволяет избегать реального общественного контроля. Открытый доступ к научным результатам лишь укрепляет ее. Развитие технонауки приводит к активному формированию ее медийного образа. При этом сами ученые пытаются противостоять процессам формирования «иллюзии понимания» и медийности науки. В результате сама наука стремится заново выстроить стратегии демаркации способов коммуникации.
университет / university
43. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Joseph Wilson Джозеф Уилсон
Constraints on generality: The (mis-)use of generic propositions in scientific prose
Ограничения На Общее

abstract | view |  rights & permissions | cited by
Generic propositions are statements that make general claims about ‘kinds’ that are found in a wide variety of written genres and speech. By definition, generics do not include in their structure any reference to the conditions under which they hold true. Their misuse in popular scientific writing, however, can erode the public’s confidence in the process of science itself when they discover that conclusions are highly contingent on certain truth conditions. The language used in scholarly scientific papers often includes qualifiers and hedges, the epistemological consequences of which have been explored by Bruno Latour, Thomas Kuhn, Ian Hacking and others. Some research shows that abstracts, however, of-ten include generic statements that are not warranted by the scientific evidence described in the full text. Similarly, when accounts of scientific discoveries appear in popular media, journalists often remove qualifiers, hedges and context markers that existed in the original study. Studies in anthropology by Joseph Dumit, Annemarie Mol, Harris Solomon and others explore the human reactions to such pronouncements. One possible solution to the over-use of generics in scientific abstracts, especially for studies that rely on human subjects, is the inclusion of a mandatory section entitled “Constraints on Generality,” as suggested by Gutiérrez and Rogoff (2003). Other suggestions include using less nominalized verbs and more past-tense descriptions of what actually occurred in the particular study.
концепция / viewpoints
44. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Лиана Анваровна Тухватулина Liana A. Tukhvatulina
Экспертное знание в демократическом обществе: к проблеме обоснования
On the justification of expertise in the democratic society

view |  rights & permissions | cited by
case studies
45. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Christian Dayé Кристиан Дайé
Fast trade?: Interdisciplinarity under time pressure
Быстрый Обмен?

abstract | view |  rights & permissions | cited by
This paper addresses two questions. The first is: Do cross-disciplinary teams that exist only for rather short periods of time have a chance to realize some form of dialogue across disciplinary boundaries? To approach this topic, the concept of trading zones is applied, as it has been introduced by Peter Galison and developed by other authors. Empirical data come from participant observation during a workshop on sonification, i.e. the auditory display of data. In this context, a second question is addressed. While there exists a vivid discussion on how to measure outcome or performance of research projects, there has been no attempt to measure the degree of interdisciplinarity within a collaborative structure. I propose a methodology that attempts to transfer concepts found within qualitative frameworks onto a quantitative research strategy. In concluding, I discuss some flaws of this approach and propose further lines of work.
46. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Marfuga Iskandarova, Elena Simakova Марфуга Искандарова
Technologising the wave: constructing an energy resource in science and policy
Технологизация Волны

abstract | view |  rights & permissions | cited by
Despite the recent shift from renewable energy to a low carbon policy, the UK policy discourse still recognises marine energy as part of the country’s future energy mix. Production of what we call an “assemblage” of technology and ocean waves triggers complex sets of initiatives that provide the basis for the economic viability and credibility of wave energy extraction. However, questions are rarely asked about how the natural phenomenon being part of this assemblage is construed as a resource to become a key element of promises and assessments of potential of renewable energy. This study sheds light on under-explored aspects of the credibility–economy and valuation practices formed around renewable energy that have not yet been problematised in social studies of energy. Arguing that ocean waves become an energy resource largely through resource assessment practices, we examine such practices in the context of the production of scientific and policy discourses around wave energy. Considering waves as an object of expertise, we examine how “wave data” constituted through measurements, statistical analysis, modelling and visualisation, contribute to the assessment and legitimisation of wave energy developments. We also evaluate the prospects for wave energy to be a “good” in future economic exchange.
панорама / vista
47. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab: Volume > 3 > Issue: 1
Jennifer Shields Дженнифер Шилдс
Do democracies need knOWLedge?
Нужно Ли Демократиям Знание?

abstract | view |  rights & permissions | cited by
This paper serves to review the book Why Democracies Need Science, written by Harry Collins and Robert Evans. Of particular interest to this paper is the institution of The Owls, which Collins and Evans propose in their text. A theme which is present throughout the book, a theme which Collins and Evans seek to work through is that of post-truth; the first section of the paper will address the concept of post-truth. Next, the birds of science will be examined, in the second section; this is a classification system Collins and Evans develop, from a borrowed analogy from Richard Feynman. After examining the eagle scien-tists, the hawk scientific fundamentalists, and the vulture philosopher-apologists, attention will be paid to The Owls of science. The third section per-tains to The Owls. The Owls are an institution which Collins and Evans note and which includes social scientists and those with a rigorous under-standing of the social analysis of science [Collins, Evans, 2017, p. 78]. The role of The Owls is to serve to better advise politicians in a post-truth era. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the theorized institution of The Owls is an insufficient mechanism to deal with a post-truth era. After introducing The Owls, the fourth section of the paper considers the neutrality of an Owl, as a consensus does not guarantee truth or correctness. The fifth section then examines The Owls and democracy, as Collins and Evans do not specify the type of democracy in which The Owls would operate. The sixth section notes the exclusivity present within the institution of The Owls, as it is restricted to only two occupations, and is seemingly elitist. Finally, I conclude by asking the question – what does this mean for science and technology studies? As the institution of The Owls seems like an insufficient one to deal with a post-truth era.