Consumer boycotts are a largely neglected but increasingly important subject for both the Business and Society and the Marketing disciplines. This paper positions boycotts at the intersection of the theories of the two fields, reports on a survey of managerial reactions, and suggests a model incorporating both economic and social criteria to guide corporate response.

This paper considers the organization and results of two local boycotts, in Miami and Colorado respectively. Using the methodology of comparative case analysis, the authors apply several conceptual frameworks to this inquiry, in order to explore the characteristics most closely related to the effectiveness of such boycotts. We suggest several related factors, including the expression of political objectives in terms of measurable economic goals, on the basis of leadership, mobilization, interest re-definition, and quiet negotiation.

This paper examines the initial findings of a study of contribution profiles of over 1,200 Indiana businesses. Particular attention is given to determining whether contributions to community service differ among small, medium, and large businesses.

In this article, firm philanthropy is defined and the possible motivations for firm philanthropy are discussed. A typology of the "philanthropic capacity of the firm" is presented, which includes both benevolent and instrumental motivations for engaging in firm philanthropy. The typology suggests a theory of firm philanthropy behavior.

AIDS-related issues in the workplace have taken on major importance in recent years. Many of these issues pose critical ethical issues. Since, in general, the law and the courts have taken the position that those with HIV and AIDS are handicapped, issues involving discrimination in employment and the provision of insurance benefits and the provision of workplace accommodations have become increasingly important to the key stakeholders affected by these issues. This paper analyzes these issues using an ethical decisionmaking framework and suggests that employers need to become more concerned with AIDS-related policies and education programs.

This paper will report on the current competitive position of North American companies regarding child care benefits, the strategic competitive advantage implications of work place child care, needs for the future if North American companies are to remain competitive, and international comparisons regarding child care policies.

State statutes passed recently to protect whistle-blowers may have had the effect of encouraging firms to create internal channels for potential whistle-blowers to use, so that their complaints could be made internally rather than externally. In this study we examine data from Fortune 1000 firms headquartered in such states to assess their adoption of such internal channels for employee reporting of wrongdoing.

Balancing the relationship between commitment to work and commitment to family is becoming a major issue in the modern workplace. In addition, regional economic integration is fast becoming a reality in all three legs of the TRIAD (Europe, Japan, and the United States). Rationalized production is occurring at a fast pace across North America. The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative seeks to extend the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) from the Alaskan Yukon to Tiera del Fuega in Southern Chile and many multinational have significant operations in the U.S., Mexico and parts of South America. In spite of these trends, very little is known about the attitudes of workforces in these different labor markets regarding the balance between commitments to work and family. Results of research comparing work-family orientation values among Chile, Venezuela, Mexico, and the United States are presented. Implications for both researchers and managers are discussed.

Family values and civil liberities interests collided over the Colorado anti-gay rights initiative in 1992, and both sets of actors are examined in this case. The theme of "special rights" became the focus of initiative politics, while the conflicting theme of "discrimination" was advanced through litigation and boycott tactics. Business, caught in the crossfire, was passive prior to the election and defended its fair hiring policies in the wake of Amendment 2's passage.

This paper compares the recent debates concerning health care reforms in the United States with health care reforms that have occurred in the United Kingdom. Despite differences in the organization of health care and in the structure of government in the two countries, the processes both reflect public expectations and values and the impact of stakeholders.

This paper delineates various definitions of "meaningful work". It then focuses on an analysis of managerial work. By focusing on characteristics of managerial work a normative definition of meaningful managerial work is proposed. The paper concludes by asking whether managerial work is special in the sense proposed and hypothesizes that meaningful work is in part relational.

Up until the mid 1800s, the owners of capital in the United States bore most of the risk for their particular businesses. With large stakes in their firms, their individual financial welfare varied directly with that of their organization. Over time, and with the introduction of portfolio theory, modern owners of capital have altered their financial strategies in such a way that they now bear little to no firm specific risk. Over the same time period, employees of these firms have found that their risk has increased as they have become more dependent upon the individual firm. Though past governmental attempts to obviate labor's risk relative to capital met with some short term success, an examination of current conditions reveals that corporate employees continue to bear a great deal more firm-specific risk than do the owners of capital. This paper uses Davis' Iron Law of Responsibility as a lens through which to interpret past governmental responses to the capital/labor relationship, as well as a tool for suggesting future corporate actions to bring this relationship into alignment.

This paper reviews the North American Free Trade Agreement and its provisions on environmental protection. The paper describes how the NAFTA followed from previous international environmental and trade arrangements. The NAFTA’s environmental provision adopts the position that economic growth will promote environmental protection and that enforcement is best accomplished through diplomatic means rather than through trade sanctions.

This manuscript describes some of the organization development processes and changes in management systems needed to effectively implement total quality environmental management (TQEM). Research directions are suggested for each of management systems discussed.

Environmental response in 7 Canadian oil and gas firms is discussed, based on an exploratory study from the grounded perspective. Environmental response of individual firms appeared to be determined by (a) the strategic vision of the executive leadership on environmental protection (b) managerial interpretations of environmental issues, impacted upon by managerial perceptions of corporate image and identity, stakeholders considered strategically important, and the significance accorded to relationship-building and managers' personal values, (c) structural variables such as the degree of flexibility in the strategic planning and budgeting process that allows for managerial discretion and learning on environmental issues, and commensurate performance evaluation systems. Environmental response in the oil and gas firms followed the following dominant patterns - (a) reactive, mediated by the size of the firm - regulatory compliance for smaller firms, risk and liability reduction for larger firms, and a case of transitional response through public relations, (b) proactive : strategic integration aimed at maintaining or enhancmg competitiveness.

Management researchers interested in environmental management have begun to investigate the influence of managers' environmental attitudes on corporate environmental performance. Unfortunately, existing environmental attitude scales are not appropriate for management settings because of the conceptualization of these existing scales. Construction of a new environmental attitude scale was begun with the intent to develop a scale to specifically measure managers' environmental concern (the MEC scale). Five validity hypotheses were proposed and empirically tested using MBA students to evaluate the initial design of the MEC. Four of the five hypotheses were statistically significant at the .05 level.

Successful institutionalization is critical for the long-term implementation of all organizational strategies, including those designed to improve environmental performance. This paper reports on a survey of efforts to institutionalize improved environmental performance in firms in four polluting industries. The firms in these industries have certainly made progress in this regard, but they still have a long way to go.

This paper reviews the conventional wisdom about the impacts of environmental regulation on small business, in terms of arguments, evidence, and public policies to address these concerns.

This paper reviews the regulatory standards for biotechnology in the United States and in the European Union. The differences in regulatory policy are discussed and analyzed, especially in light of the dominance of the United States biotechnology industry in the world economy.