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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 32
林義 正
Yih-Jing Lin
論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法──以《春秋》的詮釋為例
Aims and Methods in Hermeneutic Interpretations of the Chinese Classics—the case of the Chunqiu
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目前中國學界在西方詮釋學的激盪下,對自家傳統經典的詮釋活 動開始進行反省:到底中國經典詮釋是怎樣進行的?本文以《春秋》 的詮釋為例,論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法,並依以下各節:一、前 言,二、《春秋》經籍的詮釋體式,三、《春秋》詮釋歷程的轉折,四、經典詮釋的目的面向,五、經典詮釋的方法面向,六、結論,企圖揭開中國經典詮釋活動的底蘊。在《春秋》的詮釋學裡,要對孔子為何 作《春秋》?如何作《春秋》?是作經還是修史?方法是借事明義?還是直書其事?其意是新周還是從周?等諸問題作說明,其實這些都 關聯著詮釋的目的與方法。傳統《春秋》類的著作表現在詮釋、書法、 批評與考訂四個方面上,詮釋著眼於義,書法著眼於文,批評與考訂 著眼於文本原義與史事真實的考究。傳統對《春秋》的詮釋總是離不 開詮釋者的目的與方法,目的在致用者,其方法採取託比或見指不任 辭的方式,不免以己意解經,其失也誣,故有回歸本義之舉;通本義 與致其用往往構成經典詮釋目的的兩端,因應詮釋目的的兩端,在方 法上也就有了即事存真與借事致用二式,這便是中國經典詮釋活動的 底蘊。
Under the stimulus of Western hermeneutics, Chinese scholars have begun to reflect upon the basis of their own tradition of hermeneutical interpretation. This paper discusses the hermeneutic basis of interpreting the Chinese classics with reference to the Chunqiu, in four sections: (1) Introduction, (2) Forms of interpretation, (3) Changes of direction in interpretation, (4) Aims of interpretation, (5) Methods of interpretation, (6) Conclusion. Hermeneutical studies of the Chunqiu raise the following questions: why and how Confucius composed the Chunqiu, was this a composition or revision of history, did he use events to reveal ethical meaning or did he record events faithfully, did he aim to revitalize the Zhou or simply followed the Zhou? These questions involve aims and methods of hermeneutical interpretation. Traditional works on the Chunqiumanifestly concern interpretation, forms of writing, criticism and evidence. These involve, respectively, meaning, literary form, origins of text and meaning, and accuracy of historical events. Thus, traditional interpretations are inseparable from aims and methods. Aims could be based on motive of use or application and methods could be based on analogical comparisons. However, these lead to subjective interpretations and misunderstandings. This gives rise to the thought that there is a need to go back to understanding original meanings. Thus, in terms of aims, we invariably find these two extremes of motive of use or application on the one hand, and understanding original meaning on the other. Similarly, in terms of method, there is the idea of preserving the truth of events on the one hand, and the motive of use or application on the other. This is the underlying basis of the problem of hermeneutic interpretation of the Chinese classics.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 32
關永 中
Wing-Chung Kwan
不敖倪於萬物、不譴是非──與莊子懇談 見道及其所引致的平齊物議
Not to Rise above the Myriads of Things, nor to Condemn Agreements or Differences──Dialogue with Chuang-Tzu on Mystical Enlightenment and its Appeasement among Entities and Controversies
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本文是作者前兩篇論文〔i.e.〈上與造物者遊──與莊子對談神秘 主義〉《臺灣大學哲學論評》第二十二期,1999:137~172;〈獨與天 地精神往來—與莊子對談神秘經驗知識論〉《第三個千禧年哲學的展 望:基督宗教學與中華文化的交談會議論文集》〔丁福寧主編‧(臺北: 輔大,2002):105~156〕之延續,以莊子〈天下〉篇評莊學內文作為反思的起點,藉其中所提供之線索來考察莊子內外各篇之脈絡大要。〈天下〉篇作者看來在邀請讀者們站在神秘主義眼光來探討莊學;為 此,本文作者也因應地以神秘主義觀點來檢視莊子理論。本文扣緊〈天 下〉篇「而不敖倪於萬物,不譴是非,以與世俗處」之語,來與〈齊 物論〉內容連接,從中體認〈齊物論〉之論旨。〈齊物論〉以南郭子綦之經驗作為神秘見道之典型,藉此彰顯出「平齊物議」之效用。讀者 唯有站在神秘見道的前提上體認「天籟」與冥合「真宰」,始能參悟到 得道者所臻至之「齊物」、與「齊論」之化境。
In a certain sense, this article is a continuation of the main themes of our two previous essays, namely, “Above, he Seeks Delight in the Creator — a Dialogue with Chuang-Tzu on Mysticism” in Philosophical Review xxii, 1999: 137~172, and “Solely Communicating with the Spirit of the Universe — a Dialogue with Chuang-Tzu on Epistemology of Mystical Experience” in Philosophical Perspective for the Third Millennium: the Dialogue between Christian Philosophy and Chinese Culture (Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University, 2002) 105~156. We start with the following sentences from Chuang-Tzu’s “Tien xia”, “(He) did not try to rise above the myriads of things. He did not condemn the agreements and differences of others so that he might live in peace with the prevalent views.” (James Legge’s Translation) We compare the meaningsembedded within these sentences with Chuang-Tzu’s “Ch’u Wu Lun”. We get to the affirmation that a person who attains Mystical Enlightenment may be able to make appropriate adjustment concerning any possible contradiction among things and any possible contention of arguments.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 32
王曉 波
Hsiao-Po Wang
論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法──以《春秋》的詮釋為例
Tao Generating the Law: The Philosophy of Tao and the Law in the Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor
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一九七三年出土的《黃帝四經》,帶動了近三十年的戰國黃老思想 的研究。有了《黃帝四經》,學者才得以看到史稱「黃老」之「黃」。《黃帝四經》的內容正是太史公所稱「因陰陽之大順,采儒墨之 善,撮名法之要」的道家,是以老子的哲學整合春秋各家學術思想,而開啟了戰國的「黃老之學」。自子產「鑄刑書」、晉「鑄刑鼎」,李悝「造法經」,春秋戰國時代 成為宗法封建轉向法治專制的時代,《黃帝四經》反映了以老子哲學整 合各家學說的時代思想,影響了戰國法家慎到、申不害、韓非。
The Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor , unearthed 1973 in Mawangdui, leads the way of the study of Huang-lao thought since. And with it, the Huang of historian’s Huang-lao came to the eyes of scholars nowadays.Contents of The Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor are exactly the description of Taoists by Tai Shi Gong (Historian of the Emperor) that “bending to the alternation of Yin and Yang, adopting the positive aspects of Confucianism and Mohism, summing up the essentials of the school of Min (Names) and Fa (Legalist).” Therefore the philosophy of Lao Tzu integrated thoughts of all school of Chung Qiu Era, and lading the foundation of the study of Huang-lao thought in the following Warring States period.Zichan casted the Penal code, Jin Dynasty had the Penal Tripod, and Li Kui wrote Bible of Legalists, all spelled out the transformation of the society of patriarchal feudalism to that of legalist monarchy. In The Four Texts of the Yellow Emperor we see the thought of that era, that is thoughts of every school of that period integrated with Lao Tzu Philosophy, which had its effect on Shen Dao, Sheng Bu Hai and Han Fei, legalists of the Warring States Period.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 32
蔡耀 明
Yao-Ming Tsai
「不二中道」學說相關導航概念的詮釋進路 以佛法解開生命世界的全面實相 在思惟的導引為詮釋線索
Interpretative Approach to Navigating Concepts Concerning the Doctrine of Nondual Middle Way Maneuver into Buddhist Approach to UnfoldongThorough Reality of the Life World
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本文試圖以解開生命世界的全面實相在思惟的導引為詮釋線索,闡明佛法「不二中道」學說用以建構的關鍵概念,包括不二、中道、非我、無常、生滅、緣起、空性,而這些深具導航作用的概念,其意 涵的詮釋進路一經打通,在排除觀念迷航的基礎上,不僅可藉以理解 佛法以「不二中道」為標幟所要彰顯學說的基本思惟方針與實踐旨趣,而且在思惟明燈的逐一點燃下,還可藉以續航在生命世界的實相 大海。深受相對概念的影響,二分式的或二極化的思惟形態或觀點,在 日常語言、哲學思辨、宗教論說,不僅無孔不入,甚至早已鑲嵌成思 惟或觀點的基本結構,很容易被視為理所當然,而難以覺察,且難以 甩脫。以檢查且揚棄二分式的思惟形態而起家的不二中道,其基本概 念與基本議題通通不落俗套,不論在哲學或宗教,都提出開創式的做法,一方面,提供獨特的眼光,從基本的結構,檢視哲學或宗教的嵌 入招式,另一方面,也開闢出哲學或宗教可以走的或許更加深刻、通 暢、或長遠的道路。本文最主要的任務,在於解明「為什麼將生命世界看成不二中 道」,「如何看成不二中道」,以及「看成怎樣的不二中道」。基於以達 成這一系列的任務為重,研究方法的工作要項即落在概念的釐清,議 題的解析,意涵的闡明,以及理路的鋪陳。在論述架構的安排,由強調不二中道和全面實相為宗教哲學或生命哲學極富創意的基本概念入手,先做關鍵概念的界說和釐清,尤其 區別於二元主義、一元主義、和多元主義,凸顯不二中道的非實體觀 念以及從根本揚棄二分式的思惟形態。接下來,一方面,避免廉價的 嫁接或庸俗的套用;另一方面,除了強調以佛教經典專業修煉的經驗為詮釋所依據的網絡配備,還特別闡明思惟的多重向度之開啟,不僅 讓詮釋工作的張力較有機會淋漓盡致發揮出來,也是抽絲剝繭地揭示 實相的一項利器。本文主幹的部分,按照非我、無常、生滅、緣起、空性、中道的 順序,這些都是佛教哲學極具特色的基本概念,串連成共構的主軸,猶如一系列導航的概念,基調在於拆解日常語言的慣用所衍生的遮 蔽、限定、或封閉,包括對象化、事物化、個體化、外殼化、區別化、概念化等問題,從而由縱貫的取向一躍而入,搭配因緣生滅變化的視角,將生命世界的實相,一層又一層揭露開來。在這一連串由基本概 念接續運作的進程,一棒接著一棒,登向巔峰的,正好是不二中道,亦即,拆解相對概念的區別化,從區別化的對峙與桎梏掙脫而出,傾 全力打通緣生緣滅的接連環節,進而趨向覺悟和涅槃。若以佛教解脫 道骨幹經典的《阿含經》為依據,不勝枚舉的經證在在顯示,不二中 道藉由非實體觀念,從個體的閉鎖獲得釋放,並且藉由非二分式的思 惟形態,從周遭邊界的封閉得到釋放,以如釋重負的姿態,心無旁騖 地導向縱貫的因緣生滅的變化之流,生命世界的實相就這樣一一豁顯而出。
The purpose of this paper is to present Nondual Middle Way as guidance in ways of navigating to unfold Thorough Reality of the Life World, and to explain the intent and rationale of Nondual Middle Way in Buddhist doctrine.With expediency and prevalence of comparison and contrast, dichotomous ways of thinking and viewpoints have not only taken root in philosophical thinking and religious discourses, but have also been absorbed into the basic structure of everyday life, and are easily taken for granted and thus hard to detect or throw away. With its uniqueness of basic concepts and basic issues, Nondual Middle Way, originating from the inclination to spot and drop dichotomous ways of thinking, offers a creative point of view for bothphilosophy and religion. This unusual way of thinking is able to provide an extraordinary viewpoint to inspect the basic structures of philosophy and religion, and thus point out a way that might lead to further and deeper discussion in both fields.The undertaking of this paper is to answer the following questions: “Why should we view the life world as Nondual Middle Way?”, “How can we view it as Nondual Middle Way?”, and “As what kind of Nondual Middle Way should we view it?” In order to answer the series of questions, the major methods employed in this paper focus on differentiating concepts, analyzing issues, elucidating connotation, and constructing argument.Concerning the configuration of discourses, this paper firstly define and make clear major concepts by emphasizing that Nondual Middle Way and Thorough Reality are very innovative basic concepts for philosophy of religion and philosophy of life. In order to emphasize the idea of non-substantiality and to drop dichotomous ways of thinking from the very beginning, Nondual Middle Way is distinguished from dualism, monism, and pluralism. Then this paper seeks to exclude easy borrowings and rough copies of ideas. In addition, experience of practicing Buddhist teachings as a profession in accordance with related scriptures is also taken seriously as a reference for interpretation.Moreover, for the sake of making a more pertinent interpretation and to reveal Thorough Reality layer by layer, great emphasis is put on the explanation ofmethods of unlocking multi-faceted ways of thinking.The main subject matter of this paper is composed in sequence of concepts such as not-self, impermanence, birth and death, dependent arising (dependent origination), emptiness, and middle way. These distinctive concepts in Buddhist philosophy collectively form an axis that is set to remove shades, limits, and seals, such as problems of objectification, reification, individualization, demarcation, discrimination, and conceptualization, which derive from the daily language that are commonly used. From the point of view of conditioned arising and ceasing, the Thorough Reality of the life world is revealed layer by layer. And it is precisely Nondual Middle Way that pushesthese basic concepts rolling, settles problems of comparison and contrast, breaks free from the tension and limitation of discrimination, makes a breakthrough in a series of conditioned arising and ceasing, and leads to Enlightenment and Nirvā a in the end. Various examples in the Āgama Sūtras show that the idea of non-substantiality helps to free Nondual Middle Way from seals of individualization, and by non-dichotomous ways of thinking, borders around Nondual Middle Way are removed. Nondual Middle Way is thus able to approach the variations of causal conditions, and the Thorough Reality of the life world is thus unfolded.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 32
陳平 坤
Ping – Kun Chen
《呂氏春秋》與《淮南子》的感應思維
The Thinking of Resonance (Kan-Ying) in Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Huai-nan Tzu
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《呂氏春秋》與《淮南子》是秦漢時期以道家哲學為主軸的兩部 重要典籍。本文扣緊「感應」思維、以及其所涉及的義理問題,嘗試 分析與探討呈現在這兩部著作中的感應論述,而希望能對這個議題展 開稍進一步的思索。本文首先解釋「感應」觀念之義涵,接著指出感應思維所關注的 哲學問題重點,然後以此理解為背景,開始分析《呂氏春秋》以「類 同」為基本規定的「精氣」感應論述,以及探討《淮南子》從氣類相 動到天人感通的感應思想,並且重點指出繼承《呂氏春秋》的「用意」、致「誠」等,足以獲致感應最大效果的主體修為之外,而為後者所較詳細強調的「無為」、「虛靜」等功夫涵養。最後,本文則是針對與感 應思維有關的「歷時性」(Diachrony)與「同時性」(Synchronicity) 二概念,進行初步論究,藉以揭出在感應思維之領域內所可能開發的 其他研究課題。
Based on Taoism, Lu shi chun qiu and Huai-nan tzu are two classics of the Qin and Han dynasties. This study is centered on the thinking regarding “Resonance” (Kan-Ying) and the philosophical views it involves. The study also analyzes and discusses the statements of resonant thinking in these two literary texts to offer an insight into this issue.Starting with explaining the concept of “Resonance”, the study then points out the philosophical issues that resonant thinking focuses on. In this context, the study analyses the resonant statement of “Essence-Energy” (Jing-Qi), which is a fundamental principle of “similarity and sameness” in Lu shi chun qiu. Then, it discusses the resonant thought of the “joint movement of Energy” and “Communication between humans and the universe” in Huai-nan tzu. In addition, it illustrates that the inherited concepts of “single-hearted devotion” and “complete sincerity” can achieve the maximum effect of resonance in Lu shi chun qiu, and the idea that the “complete sincerity” emphasizes the ability to exercise “non-action” and to maintain “emptiness-tranquility” in detail.Finally, the study explores the concepts of “Diachrony” and “Synchronicity” related to resonant thinking so as to develop some other possible issues of philosophical research in the field of resonant thinking.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 31
陳榮華
Wing-Wah Chan
高達美光的形土學與真理概念
The Metaphysics of Light and the Concept of Truth in Gadamer's Philosophy
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高達美在〈真理與方法〉指出,他的詮釋學是由光的形上學 所指導,則他的真理概念也應在光的形士學的指導下o於是,本 文嘗試由光的形上學說明高達美的真理概念。本文首先指出,高達美光的形上學中所說的光是指語詞之 光。語詞的存有不是「在˩ ( presence ) ,而是照亮( illumination) , 由語詞之光照亮出來的,是一個事件,因此,真理是指一個被語 詞之光照亮出來的事件( event )。於是,根據語詞之光的性格, 便可以說明高達美詮釋學的真理概念。本文嘗試從以下三個方向 討論高達美的真理概念: 1.從光的本性論真理概念, 2.從光的來 源論真理概念, 3.從光照耀的方向論真理概念o在結論中,我將高達美的真理概念與傳統哲學真理理論的符 應論和融貫論作一簡單比較,指出高達美真理概念的優先性。
In Wharheit und Methode, Gadamer claims that his hermeneutical inquiry is guided by the metaphysics of light. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that this kind of metaphysics also guides his concept of truth. This essay is an attempt to elucidate the Gadamerian concept of truth in tenns of his metaphysics of light.I first point out that the light in the metaphysics of light is the light of word. Since the nature of light is to illuminate, the Being of word is illumination rather than presence. Moreover, as whatever is illuminated is an event, the meaning of truth is not the correspondence of proposition to fact, but an event illuminated by the light of word. I then continue to suggest that analysis of the light of word can reveal a full view of the Gadamerian concept of truth. This concept of truth is approached in tenns of the nature of light, the source of light, and the direction of light. Finally, I briefly indicate the priority of the Gadamerian concept of truth to the traditional concept of truth as correspondence and coherence.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
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Issue: 31
林義正
Yih-Jing Lin
論中國經典詮釋的二個基型: 直釋與旁通 以〈易經〉的詮釋為例
Internal and Crossover Interpretations as Two Fundamental Hermeneutic Prototypes of interpreting Classic Chinese Writings: Taking The Book of Change (I Ching) as an Example
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中國經典詮釋傳統有沒有自己的特點?經筆者研究之後,風 覺到傳統經學的實踐中確實有宜釋與旁通二個基型,可惜沒有受 到學者充分的注意o故本論文為了具體討論起見,特別以《易經〉 的詮釋為例,依以下各節:一、前言,二、對「中國經典詮釋基 型」的界定,三、《易》籍著作的詮釋體式,門、直釋型詮釋的 方法與問題,五、旁通型詮釋的方法與問題,六、結論,來論述。 其中第四、五兩節又各立細目,詳細討論詮釋的方法與問題。中 國經典的詮釋體式是依字一一句一一章一一篇一一卷逐次解釋而成立低層的訓話、章句、j主、瓷、解、疏、說、傳,甚至更有 不泥於文句,而依義理而成立高層的釋義、通釋、通義,乃至最 高層的哲理詮釋。其詮釋可歸納成二個基型, 即各經本身在歷代 所表現的宜釋詮釋與異經彼此互釋的旁通詮釋。在中國經典詮釋 傳統中,此兩型詮釋之於經典正猶乾坤之於易,經典在詮釋中表 現其生生不息的生命力。
What characteristics the long-standing tradition of Chinese classics interpretation nlanifests? The author suggests that, though largely neglected, the interpretations of Chinese classics can be categorized into two prototypes. To bring these two prototypes into light, the author will analyze a variety of interpretations of The Book of Change (I Ching). In the first section, the author gives an overview of the issue. In section 2 and 3, the author defines the two prototypes at stake and investigates their relationships with various forms of interpretations of some selected texts in The Book of Change. The author then goes on to discuss the merits and costs of the two prototypes in section 4 and 5, before concluding in section 6. It will be argued that both internal interpretations-interpretations that seek internal coherence within a particular writing-and crossover interpretations--interpretations that seek overall coherence among several different but related writings---are flowers growing out of efforts to understand the philosophy of classic Chinese writings. They are fundamental to the everlasting life of the tradition of Chinese classics interpretation, just as as Qián and Kūn are fundamental to the change of every entity.
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NTU Philosophical Review:
Year >
2006 >
Issue: 31
陳平坤
Ping-Kun Chen
茍子的「類」觀念及其通類之道
Xunzi's Concept of “Categorization" and His Method of Realizing the “Categorization"
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茍子是戰國時期繼孟子之後的一代大儒。而茍子學說,以 明辨天人之分,主張人之性惡,提倡禮義法度,重視積學而取 法後王為其主要特色。不過,在茍子學說中,異於這些特色而 實能貫通其名實論、倫理學說、以及人道理想的一大觀念一一 「類˩ '尤其內涵豐富義理,而應受到更多重視與探發。因此, 本文嘗試透過「類」字含意的分析論述,闡釋它在哲學理論層 面的主要涵蘊,同時也想藉此探察苟子所尚聖人「知通統類」 的相關教學重點。經過以文義解析起主要方法的論究之後,本文初步釐清與歸 納出「類」字在日常語意之外的哲學義蘊;亦即在茍子學說中, 「類」字具有( 1 )名實論或知識論意義的「名理」、與( 2 )倫 理學意義的「文理J '以及( 3 )政法學意義的「法理」等三大內 涵。而茍子批判「無類」、「知不能類」的人事與言論,期求實現 「知通統類」、能夠「推類」以應萬變的理想人格,就中的主體 條件,乃是必須具備專壹、虛靜的「大清明」心境;至於其養成 之道,貝IJ落實在積「學」、修「行」的種種「兼權」以「解蔽˩ 的功夫之上。
Xunzi was a renowned leading scholar following in the footsteps of Mencius in the Warring States period. WIllie Xunzi's Confucian teaching took a central focus that all people were evil, and emphasized an etiquette and morality-led doctrine that mainly featured a predominant focus on accumulating study and following later kings' teaching. Nevertheless, among Xunzi's teachings, a significant concept of his that set it apart from the aforesaid characteristics but served essentially to integrate his practical theory, moral doctrine and humanistic ideology had been the “categorization/class", which is containing the abundant philosophic theory, so that should be paid attention to and probing into by more scholars. In light of which, the thesis has attempted to interpret its main significance in philosophy through analyzing and interpreting the meaning of "categorization" , and to explore methods of knowing the “intergration of categorization統類"Upon undergoing a theoretic study premise primarily adopting literature analysis and interpretation, the thesis has initially discerned and recapped the philosophical significance of the phrase “categorization" other than its common usages, meaning that in Xunzi's teachings, the phrase "categorization" has three distinct meanings of, (I) logical doctrine in the sense of knowledge acquiring theory; (2) the cultural doctrine in the sense of morality; and (3 ) the legal doctrine in the sense of the science of the law. And the preeminent criterion in what Xunzi's had criticized of the assertion, people and things of ignorance and inability to understand the “intergration of categorization統類", or achieving an adaptable ideal character through reduction reasoning lies in how one needs to possess an undivided, humble clear mind, before one is able to perfect oneself through accumulated learning and disciplinary training.
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