The properties of time in quantum mechanics were xshown in specially chosen examples of space-time nature. Among others the statistical character of time was underlined, the paradox of specificaly small unit of time was shown in the case of so-called resonances, the bounded meaning of time following the Heisenberg relation was also described. The symmetry of time transformations: time translation and time-reversal were considered in the last part of the paper.

The measurement of the passage of time serves to answer the question „how long”. Originally time intervals were measured by rhythmical natural phenomena corresponding to man’s psychic sensations. Such were the ancient time units, hours determined separately for day-time and night-time, of the length varying with the seasons. Subsequent discovery of numerous different cosmic and natural phenomena which had to be interrelated brought about the notion of evenly passing time as well as more accurate determination of its units.With the development of theoretical physics time has been considered as the t variable in the equations of physical phenomena. A proper unit of „evenly passing time” has been one expressing the t variable in such a way that the postulated physical equations are satisfied.The sidereal day corresponding to the time required for the earth to rotate on its axis, and the derivative units, sidereal second in particular were the first units of evenly passing timeH;o be introduced. By the middle of the 20th century it was established that the observed movements of heavenly bodies were different than the ones predicted by the equations of celestail mechanics if time was expressed in sidereal seconds. The discrepancy was removed by assuming that the duration of the earth’s rotation increases by 10-8 sec. in a hundred years, that is to say the sidereal second does not mark the evenly passing time.The next to be introduced was the second of ephemerides time defined as 1/35 556 925,9747 of the tropical year 1900. Ephemerides time fouded upon the second and determined ex post, following the observation of orbital movements of numerous celestial bodies was introduced into astronomy in 1960. It is the gravitational time determined by the equations of Einstein’s theory of gravitation which is considered true. Theoretically it also could be determined by means of an ideal pendulum clock. According to the notion of this time gravitational constant is by definition invariable in time.Practical difficulties of determining ephemerides time have resulted in universal acceptance of atomic time and its unit, atomic second defined by the vibration of an atom of caesium in particular physical conditions. According to the notion of atomic time the Plarck’s Constant is invariable in time.Expressing any time intervals in sidereal seconds is correct only when there was the earth rotating on its axis. Similarly, ephemerides time seems proper only in those periods of the Universe existence when there were physical systems influenced largely by gravitational forces. Atomic time can be applied to epochs of atomic existence. To describe time intervals in the earlier epoch cosmologists employ time defined as the t variable in equations of any physical theories considered true. Such time is applicable to any epoch for which it is possible to write an equation describing the course of any physical phenomenon.What remains yet to be ansewered is the empirically insoluble question whether there really exists a variable simultaneously satisfying all theories (the problem of mutual changeability of physical constants).The sidereal second, the second of ephemerides time, the atomic second and the cosmologists’ second may be synchronized in the contemporary epoch.It remains to be established whether the atomic second or the cosmologists’ second always are the best time units to describe evolutional phenomena. For instance when dealing with evolution of living beings on the earth, is its course better expressed in abstract units of even time or in changeable units really connected with evolution such as the time of the earth’s rotation on the axis and round the sun (period of seasonal changes). We have given some examples showing that in astronomy it is more convenient to employ units of unevenly passing time when describing phenomena of evolution.In popular approach to cosmology when using such expressions as „the hadronic era lasted one ten thousandth part of a second” it is necessary to explain that much had changed inthe structure of the Universe during the era while this fraction of a second should be considered neither in the psychological sense nor as a similary called fraction of a second shown by contemporary clocks. The notion of such a remote moment of cosmological time means merely „We put forward tfte following physical hypothesis. It is formulated as equations with the t variable which in the present era may be synchronized with the time according to which we set our clocks. Accordingly the given phenomenon occurred when the t variable assumed the value of ti.”

Time ordering appears at a very early steps of axiomatization of relativistic theories of space-time. Chronometrical approach of Synge and axiomatization of Ehlers, Pirani and Synge are briefly reviewed. Time structure appears to be strictly connected with different degrees of causality in space-time. Mutual dependences between certain mechanisms determining the time arrow in the Universe are sketched out.

The paper attempts to provide a definition of time, and determine the notion of time infinity as a set of moments. According to Z. Augustynek the notion of time infinity, is related to the topological properties, i.e. openness, closeness, compactness as well as metrical property of unboundness for one-dimensional set without branching and connected points. Further a critical analysis of the model of time circle is given. It is rejected since with simple cosmological models *it seems reasonable to discuss separately the question of infinity of global time and the question of infinity of space. Contemporary developments in cosmology seem to favour the model of time line, which however is not entirely devoid of theoretical difficulties.

Im vorliegenden Artikel wurde die wesentlichen Züge und Folgen der Konzeption der Zeit als Wesensbestandteil des veränderlichen Seins dargestellt. Um zu einer neuen Auffassung der Zeit zu gelangen, muss man den Ausgangspunkt der vorherigen scholastischen Annahmen ändern. Die Scholastiker gingen von der Definition der Zeit als Zahl (Mass) der Bewegung hinsichtlich des „Früher und Später” und fassten die Zeit als eine von den Kategorien des Akzidens. Bei der neuen Auffassung gehen wir auch von der Tatsache, dass die Dinge veränderlich sind, aber kommen wir zur Schlussfolgerung, dass die Dinge darum veränderlich sind, weil sie ihrem Wesen nach räumlich-zeitlich sind. Die Zeit bildet einen Wesensbestandteil der materiellen Substanz.Die Theorie der Zeit als Wesensbestandteil der materiellen Substanz wirft ein neues Licht auf das Problem der evolutiven Genese der menschlichen Seele. Diese kann, mittelst Gottesintervention, durch die Transformation und die Aufhebung des tierischen Psychismus auf die geistige Ebene durch die Loslösung von den Raumund Zeitfesseln entstehen. Dagegen kann man den menschlichen Tod als Loslösung der ganzen menschlichen Natur von diesen Raum- und Zeitfesseln erfassen. Aber dann der Moment des Todes bildet zugleich den Moment der Auferstehung. Im Lichte der neuen Zeittheorie kann man auch die Erbsünde anders erklären. Durch die Erschaffung der geistigen Seele wurde die Zerreissung zwischen der tierischen Ausstattung und der Transzendenz in die menschliche Natur hineingebracht. Diese Zerreissung bildet die Erbsünde und die Wurzel allen personalen Sünden. Erblich ist eben diese Zerreissung und dadurch erblich auch die Erbsünde ist.

The author aims at confronting the two fundamental notions of time and eternity. Essentially he wants to answer the following questions (1) How did this problem arise in the history of philosophical thought, St. Thomas Aquinas’s philosophy in particular? (2) What is is the sense of the opposition expressed by the relation „Time and Eternity”?To accomplish this task, the author presents the views on time' and eternity professed by such philosophers as Plato, Plotinus, Boethius and St. Thomas Aquinas as well as characterizes the most representative approaches to the question of time including (1) extremely realistic approach (I. Newton, S. Clarke), (2) extremely idealistic approach (I. Kant), (3) approach of moderate realism (Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, G. Leibniz), (4) existential approach (contemporary Tomists).Following the analysis of different theories of time the author concludes that the theory of time related to the approach of moderate realism, accepting inseparable connection of time and the. movement of matter seems best suited for the purposes of confrontation with eternity. Time in the metric aspect possesses the atribute of potential infinitudey since it participates in a continuous and unlimited manner in the accomplishment of changes. Subsequent movements, earlier and later can be discerned in the duration of time. As time is devoid of autonomous existence, it is an imperfect being.None of the statements applicable to time may be applied to eternity. Eternity identified by St. Thomas Aquinas with the Absolute Being is essentially different from time. Although eternity may be said to possess attributes of an infinite degree, these properties have nothing in common with temporo-spatial expansibility. Infinitude of eternity in any aspect is of the same kind that infinitude of e.g. beauty or goodness. Eternity is the complete life in one condensed act. If time is relative in respect to changes, eternity is above any changes, including time itself. Such categories as „the past” or „the future” are alien to eternity since as the always current Present (complete at a time) it includes all that was, is and will be.

The aim of this article is noncritical presentation of the nature of the relationalist programme as it is conceived and realised by Ian Hinckfuss in his book The Existence of Space and Time (Oxford 1975). The relationalist programme was defÿied as an attempt to rid us of the paradoxes regarding space and time by reducing statements which seemed truly to ascribe certain properties to space or time to statements which made no such ascription — thereby ridding us of the need to refer to space and time.

The article discusses three broad problems: (1) the conception of the so-called biological clock, (2) the origin of the notion and assessment of time, and (3) individual experience of time.Section 1 synthetically presents the main facts which have led the scientists to the conception of the biological clock; it also characterizes the basic hypotheses and a hypothetical model of the biological clock. Section 2 discusses the origin of the notion of time in ontogenesis and the assessment of time with particular stress laid on factors determining this phenomenon. Section 3 discusses the strange ways of experiencing time by mentally sick subjects, by subjects under the effects of narcotics and under hypnosis.The article demonstrates the variety of physiological and psychological problems connected with the notion of time and a multitude of possible scientific approaches to it.

The article explicates properties of the relationship of cause and effect which occurs between the phenomena studied by contemporary physics dominated by A. Einstein’s theory of relativity. It deals with purely formal features as well as some other, such as the moment of imparting of energy and the temporal sequence of effect and cause. It also includes an analysis of the necessary connexion between the phenomena, inherent in causation. This serves to provide the intuitive foundation for further discussion of the hitherto developed as well as prospective systems of causal logic.The second part of the article characterizing mathematical logic claims that it is not adequate to the purposes of formalization of scientific reasoning. A new functor of implication, referred to as relativistic implication is introduced and methods of discovering logical theses which formally characterize this unextensional logical constant belonging to a system of non-classical logic are given in outline.