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Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology:
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 13: SPT Goes International:
Spain and Germany
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22.
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Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology:
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 18: Albert Borgmann and a Philosophy of Technology?
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23.
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Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology:
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 9: An Early Attempt to Turn Philosophy and Technology into Philosophy of Technology:
Joseph Pitt
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 2: Philosophy of Science and Social Responsibility:
Alex Michalos
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Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology:
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 1: A Premature Attempt at Discourse Synthesis:
Carl Mitcham in Thinking through Technology
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26.
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 15: Philosophy of Engineering
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27.
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 8: Edmund Byrne on Work
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Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology:
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Larry Hickman
Chapter 14: American Pragmatism and Technology
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 4: A Marxist Critique of Capitalist Technology:
Marx Wartofsky
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 23: Paul Thompson and Agricultural Technologies
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Paul T. Durbin
A Concluding Essay on Quadrants and Discourse Synthesis in the Philosophy of Technology
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 16: Metaphysics and Technological Culture:
Frederick Ferre versus Donald Verene
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33.
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 5: Mario Bunge’s Systematic Definition of Technology
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34.
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 3: Philosophy of Technology as Risk Assessment of Technological Ventures:
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
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35.
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 6: Joseph Margolis on Technological Society
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Paul T. Durbin
Chapter 7: Joseph Agassi, Philosophy of Technology, and Mass Movements
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Raphael Sassower, Stephen Cutcliffe
Chapter 25: Postmodernism and the Social Construction of Technology
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Deborah Johnson
Chapter 20: Ethics in Engineering and Computing Technology
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Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology:
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Edward Relph
Spirit of Place and Sense of Place in Virtual Realities
abstract |
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rights & permissions
About forty years ago, when print media were still in their ascendancy, Marshall McLuhan argued that all media are extensions of the senses and that the rational view of the world associated with print is being replaced by a world-view associated with electronic media that stresses feelings and emotions (McLuhan, 1964). In 2003 researchers from the School of Information Management Sciences at Berkeley estimated that five exabytes (five billion gigabytes) of information had been generated in the previous year, equivalent to 37,000 times the holdings of the Library of Congress and that 92.00% of this was on magnetic media, mostly hard disks, while only 0.01% was in print (http://www.sims.berkeley.edu, 2003). This SIMS estimate could be wrong by several orders of magnitude and it would still be clear that the era of the printed word is waning rapidly. We are well-advised to pay attention to McLuhan’s suggestionthat electronic media change how we think and how we feel.Sense of place and virtual reality are both inextricably caught up in this cultural-technological upheaval. I have written about the concept of ‘place’ from a phenomenological perspective for many years and have achieved a reasonable understanding of its subtleties, but I have a limited knowledge of digital virtual reality and its technical attributes. Nevertheless, it seems to me that a mutual interaction is at work between what might be called ‘real’ place and virtual places, that digital virtual reality shares characteristics with other electronic media and that our experiences of real places are being changed those same media. This essay explores these issues particularlyfrom the perspective of the distinction between spirit of place and sense of place.
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Jeffrey Jacobson, Lynn Holden
Virtual Heritage:
Living in the Past
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rights & permissions
Virtual Heritage (VH) is the use of electronic media to recreate or interpret culture and cultural artifacts as they are today or as they might have been in the past (Moltenbrey, 2001; Roehl, 1997). By definition, VH applications employ some kind of three dimensional representation; the means used to display it range from still photos to immersive Virtual Reality. Virtual Heritage is a very active area of research and development in both the academic and the commercial realms. (Roehl, 1997; Mitchell and Economou, 2000; Addison, 2000; Stone and Ojika, 2002; Champion, 2004b; Champion and Sekiguichi, 2004; Levy, 2004). Most VH applications are intended forsome kind of educational use. While the main activity of virtual heritage is to create ancient artifacts, the real goal is to understand ancient cultures.Most VH applications are architectural reconstructions, centered on a reconstructed building or monument. However, in the same way that archaeologists and historians study the artifacts because they are the primary cultural evidence we have, VH uses architecture as a frame for recreating ancient cultures. The larger goal of VH is to recreate ancient cultures, not as dead simulations, but as living museums where students/users can enter and understand a culture that is different from their own. The closest analog is the real-world living museums, where actors in period dress occupy a life-size historical setting and interact with the visitors. Ultimately, we would like to see the users themselves creating activities in the virtual space as a way of exploring different cultural viewpoints. For example, students who know about the Virtual Egyptian Temple (Jacobson and Holden, 2005) and the supporting material may attempt to recreate activities there. In doing so, they would learn about what is and is not possible in the architectural and cultural space.In this paper we will begin by reviewing the issues and tradeoffs around building the architectural models for VH applications. These models are crucial in themselves and many of the issues involved in designing and creating them also apply to the dynamic and interactive aspects of VR. Then, we will touch on issues of how to bring culture to life in VR, the strengths and limitations for VR technology for VH applications. Finally, we will present the Virtual Egyptian Temple, our current project, as a working example.
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