A simplification of the notion of degree of existence, introduced by María Manzano, is proposed. And it is suggested that actually it exactifies a notion of degree of abstraction, not of existence.

This paper offers an account of observation from a realist view. Observation is considered here as a process of information gathering from the environment; the performance of which will be more or less succesfull depending on the theories underlying this process.

In this paper it is assumed a broad conceptualization of Science which allows far looking into common practices which are apparently unstructured forms of knowledge. This result from a concept of culture which is the result of an hierarchization of behavior. In this theoretical framewark the concept of ethnoscience is analysed.

Behind a succinct account about Euler and his connection with the philosophy, on show forth his arguments for to prove the effective existence of the absolute space in the Mechanica sive motus scientia (1736) and in the Reflexions sur l’espace et le temps (1748). These works constitute the Euler’s first approximation in defence of the doctrine of space held by Newton, and against: the Metaphysicians(Leibniz, Berkeley). This paper point at the possible ascendancy about Kant, especially in Von de m ersten Grunde des Unterschiedes der Gegenden im Raume (1768).

Pragmatics is the theory of conversation; more specifically, pragmatics is the discipline that studies linguistic rationality. This concept has to be interpreted as the instrumental coherence betweencommunicative goals and means. Therefore, pragmatics is essentially about the relations of relevance between utterances and contexts, understanding these as sets of beliefs held by the speaker and eventually shared by the hearer, and not as the set of objective features surrounding communicative interaction.

A new essay to analyse the demonstration which Aristotle gave of Barbara ACP (first premise “actual”, second premise “contingent”, conclusion “possible”) is realized with the techniques of mathematicallogic. The critical points (conclusion “possible” from two premises “possible”, problem de dicto - de re, etc) are indicated; based on them it is considered that Aristotle’s proof is not conclusive.

In this paper I review the different opinions held by scientists and philosophers as regards the status of the action-at-a-distance concept within relativistic physics. It is shown that in spite of the fact that the prevailing opinion has been that special relativity precludes actions at a distance, some important physicists have continued employing that concept throughout the present century. The key to understand that “anomalous” behaviour lies, in fact, in the relationships existent between quantum and classical physics (“inverse” principle of correspondence).

Professor Bunge makes the distinction between the logical concept of existence and the ontological one. I agree with him and in this paper I am formalizing his existence predicate into the powerful language of type theory.I am also proving the logical equivalence of this for mulation with a briefer one, which says that to exist conceptually is the same as to be a conceptual object. Accordingly, from this point on I investigate what conceptual objects are. I reach the conclusion that it is better to study a restricted area each time, where existence could even be assigned in different degrees. For instance, in set theory -like in Animal Farm of Orwell every set exists but so me “exist more” than others. Of course, in relating degrees of existence to degrees of definability I am not following Bunge.