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1. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 1 > Issue: 1
Mark S. Frankel “The Evolving Role of Scientific Experts in the Courts”
2. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 1 > Issue: 1
Susan Haack An Epistemologist in the Bramble-Bush: At the Supreme Court With Mr. Joiner
3. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 1 > Issue: 1
Annabelle Lever Ethics and the Patenting of Human Genes
4. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 1 > Issue: 2
Tanya Williams, Scott Siera, Arri Eisen Reconciling Science and Society
5. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 1 > Issue: 2
Cary P. Gross Financial Conflict of Interest and Medical Research: Beware the Medical-Industrial Complex
6. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 2
Bernard E. Rollin Animal Research, Animal Welfare, and the Three R’s
7. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 2
Eric Adams The Flexibility of Description and NESS Causation
8. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 3
Roger Chao Does Singer's “Famine, Affluence and Morality” Inescapably Commit Us to His Conclusion?
9. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 3
Sean Noah Walsh Masters of Hyperreality: Injustice in the Discourse of Deconstruction
10. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 4
Pierre Darriulat Knowledge and Mystery: The Impact of Contemporary Science on Metaphysics
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The article, meant to address philosophers and scientists as well as the interested layman, expresses the views of a physicist on the strong impact that contemporary science has on the traditional approach to metaphysics, implying an in-depth revision of many concepts that have been happily used for centuries. The implications of taking seriously the main message of contemporary neurosciences – there is nothing else than interacting atoms in our brains – are explored. Free will, and its reconciliation with scientific determinism, is used as an illustration. Contemporary science has shed new light on the circularity of knowledge and allows for a clearer separation between science and metaphysics, between knowledge and religious beliefs. At the same time it reveals the fundamental inability of knowledge at unravelling mysteries such as knowing why the world exists, rather than nothing.
11. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 5
Gary Miller Cognition Enhancing Drugs: Just Say Yes?
12. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 10 > Issue: 6
Randall Mayes The Modern Olympics & Post-Modern Athletics: A Clash in Values
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While the overwhelming majority of professions do not regulate the use of performance enhancements, athletics has become a lightning rod. Analysis of the current policies regulating athletic enhancements reveals that drawing the line on what is permitted is an ethically and politically arbitrary process, and sport governing bodies hold athletes to a different standard. The World Anti-Doping Agency uses “the spirit of sport” as criteria for banning enhancements while recent findings in genomics reveals the spirit of being human is to take advantage of what is available for survival. These contradictions question the reasoning and validity of the current regulations of athletic enhancements.
13. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 11 > Issue: 2
Barbara Osimani, Federica Russo, Jon Williamson Scientific Evidence and the Law: An Objective Bayesian Formalization of the Precautionary Principle in Pharmaceutical Regulation
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The paper considers the legal tools that have been developed in German pharmaceutical regulation as a result of the precautionary attitude inaugurated by the Contergan decision (1970). These tools are (i) the notion of “well-founded suspicion”, which attenuates the requirements for safety intervention by relaxing the requirement of a proved causal connection between danger and source, and the introduction of (ii) the reversal of proof burden in liability norms. The paper focuses on the first and proposes seeing the precautionary principle as an instance of the requirement that one should maximise expected utility. In order to maximise expected utility certain probabilities are required and it is argued that objective Bayesianism offers the most plausible means to determine the optimal decision in cases where evidence supports diverging choices.
14. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 11 > Issue: 3
Ray Greek, Niall Shanks, Mark J. Rice The History and Implications of Testing Thalidomide on Animals
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The current use of animals to test for potential teratogenic effects of drugs and other chemicals dates back to the thalidomide disaster of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Controversy surrounds the following questions: 1. What was known about placental transfer of drugs when thalidomide was developed? 2. Was thalidomide tested on animals for teratogenicity prior to its release? 3. Would more animal testing have prevented the thalidomide disaster? 4. What lessons should be learned from the thalidomide disaster regarding animal testing for teratogenicity? We review the literature in order to address these questions.
15. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 12 > Issue: 1
Roseline Obada Moses-Òkè Cyber Capacity without Cyber Security: A Case Study of Nigeria’s National Policy for Information Technology (NPFIT)
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Prior to the year 2001, the phenomenon of Internet criminal fraud was not globally associated with Nigeria. Since then, however, the country had acquired a world-wide notoriety in criminal activities, especially financial scams, facilitated through the use of the Internet. This is not to say that computer-related crimes were alien to the country. It is, however, remarkable that the perpetration of cyber crimes involving Nigerians and traceable to Nigeria became so rampant that questions might be legitimately raised as to why the problem became so pronounced from around that year. It is further remarkable that the attempt to launch Nigeria into the digital age coincided with the unprecedented rise in computer-related financial crimes in the country. In this paper, it is argued that the problem arose as a direct consequence of the lapses in the 2001 National Policy for Information Technology (NPFIT). The argument is based on an analysis of the various provisions of the Policy, with specific focus on the lack of proactive security provisions in it and in its subsequent implementation, in the wider context of global experiences of, and efforts to deal with, cyber security breaches as at the time of the formulation and implementation of the NPFIT.
16. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 12 > Issue: 3
Clifton Perry Admissions and Confessions
17. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Daniel Howlader, James Giordano Advanced Robotics: Changing the Nature of War and Thresholds and Tolerance for Conflict - Implications for Research and Policy
18. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
Camille Nebeker A Proposal for Thinking Strategically About Ethics Education: Applying the Principles of Andragogy to Enhance Teaching and Learning About Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR)
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Training in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) is mandated for select trainees supported by federal funds. RCR Instructors typically address standards and accepted practices for the planning, conduct and reporting of academic research. While this focus may be relevant to future academic scientists, the majority of science graduate students pursue careers in non-academic employment sectors (e.g., government, non-profit, industry). The ethical and regulatory conventions, norms and expectations of the academic setting may not always transfer to other work environments. As such, educators should focus less on answering specific questions about standards and practices in academia, and instead design ethics education to actively engage students in a learning process that prepares them with the skills to identify and navigate ethical dimensions in a wide range of possible science professions. This paper introduces the principles of andragogy and provides recommendations for educators to consider when designing research ethics education for graduate students seeking cross-sector science careers. By applying principles that resonate with adult learning and integrating strategies that promote self-directed and life-long learning (e.g., reflective practice and collaborative projects), professional and research ethics instructional effectiveness may be enhanced.
19. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
Levi Wood Recent Questions in Responsible Conduct of Research
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The global research enterprise has seen extensive technological, social, and financial changes in the last two decades that have dramatically changed the face of academic research. While many of these changes have had a tremendously positive impact on research progress, many of them have raised new questions about how to ensure that research is conducted responsibly. In addition, there have been some high-profile cases of error and fabrication in published works that might have been caught earlier if the enterprise had better safeguards in place. There is an ongoing discussion within the research enterprise about whether and how to establish new guidelines to ensure the integrity of the research process within this shifting environment. In this article, I survey key changes in the research environment that have opened up new questions about how to best ensure the integrity of the research process.
20. The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law: Volume > 14 > Issue: 1
William J. Polacheck, Roger D. Kamm Responsible Research in an International Laboratory: Personal Perspectives from a Lab Member and Principal Investigator
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Recently, we have seen the emergence of the international laboratory in scientific research. These laboratories, characterized by internationally distributed members working to accomplish a unified goal, provide advantages such as cost savings and access to facilities and equipment. However, maintaining responsible conduct of research (RCR) in an international laboratory is complicated by the requirement for technology-mediated communication, lack of trust between local and distant group members, and cultural heterogeneity among lab members. Here we discuss issues we experienced while working in a international laboratory as part of the Singapore-M.I.T. Alliance for Research and Technology, and from our experience, we propose guidelines to maintain RCR in an international laboratory. With proper oversight and cognizance of RCR, work in an international laboratory harbors great benefit for scientists and provides unique opportunity to exchange ideas, data, and insight with scientists of distinct cultural backgrounds.