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161. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
William Hasker Introduction—Sketches from an Album
162. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Graham Oppy Graham Oppy
Anti-Naturalistic Arguments From Reason
Antynaturalistyczne Argumenty z Rozumu

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This paper discusses a wide range of anti-naturalistic argument from reason due to Balfour, Haldane, Joad, Lewis, Taylor, Moreland, Plantinga, Reppert, and Hasker. I argue that none of these arguments poses a serious challenge to naturalists who are identity theorists. Further, I argue that some of these arguments do not even pose prima facie plausible challenges to naturalism. In the concluding part of my discussion, I draw attention to some distinctive differences between Hasker’s anti-naturalistic arguments and the other anti-naturalistic arguments mentioned above.
163. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Stewart Goetz Stewart Goetz
Some Musings about William Hasker’s Philosophy of Mind
Kilka Przemyśleń na Temat Filozofii Umysłu Williama Haskera

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While William Hasker and I for the most part broadly agree in our opposition to much of the contemporary philosophical community concerning issues in the philosophy of mind that he discusses in his book, there are nevertheless seemingly some domestic disputes between him and me about certain matters concerning the nature of events involving the self. In this paper, I will focus on two of these disagreements. The first disagreement concerns Hasker’s treatment of what is widely known today as the argument from reason and whether the events involved in our reasoning are essentially causal or teleological in nature. The second disagreement is about Hasker’s account of libertarian freedom, and whether agent causation is required to explain our free choices.
164. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
John Martin Fischer John Martin Fischer
An Actual-Sequence Theology
Teologia Aktualnej Sekwencji

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In this paper I develop a sketch of an overall theology that dispenses with “alternative-possibilities” freedom in favor of “actual-sequence” freedom. I hold that acting freely does not require freedom to do otherwise, and that acting freely is the freedom component of moral responsibility. Employing this analytical apparatus, I show how we can offer various important elements of a theology that employs only the notion of acting freely. I distinguish my approach from the important development of Open Theism by William Hasker. My view about God’s foreknowledge is in-between comprehensive foreknowledge and no foreknowledge (Open Theism).
165. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Katherin Rogers Katherin Rogers
Saving Eternity (and Divine Foreknowledge and Free Will): A Reply to Hasker
Ocalić Wieczność (Oraz Bożą Przedwiedzę i Wolną Wolę)

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William Hasker and I disagree over whether or not appealing to a particular understanding of divine eternity can reconcile divine foreknowledge with libertarian human freedom. Hasker argues that if God had foreknowledge of a particular future choice, that choice cannot be free with libertarian freedom. I hold, to the contrary, that, given a certain theory of time—the view that all times exist equally—it is possible to reconcile divine foreknowledge with libertarian freedom. In a recent article, “Can Eternity be Saved? A Comment on Stump and Rogers”, Hasker makes it clear that one of the fundamental disagreements between us lies in what each of us takes to be required for libertarian free will. In the present paper I outline the version of libertarianism that I find plausible, then explain how a libertarian free choice can be foreknown by God. (I call my approach “Anselmian”, in that it is based on my interpretation of the work of St. Anselm of Canterbury.) Then I will explain why Hasker finds this reconciliation unacceptable since it fails to do justice to what he takes to be required for libertarian freedom. Finally, I will argue that Hasker is wrong to insist upon his analysis of free will.
166. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Eleonore Stump Eleonore Stump
The Openness of God: Hasker on Eternity and Free Will
Otwartość Boga

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The understanding of God’s mode of existence as eternal makes a significant difference to a variety of issues in contemporary philosophy of religion, including, for instance, the apparent incompatibility of divine omniscience with human freedom. But the concept has come under attack in current philosophical discussion as inefficacious to solve the philosophical puzzles for which it seems so promising. Although Boethius in the early 6th century thought that the concept could resolve the apparent incompatibility between divine foreknowledge and human free will, some contemporary philosophers, such as William Hasker, have argued that whatever help the concept of eternity may give with that puzzle is more than vitiated by the religiously pernicious implications of the concept for notions of God’s providence and action in time. In this paper, I will examine and respond to Hasker’s arguments against the doctrine of God’s eternity.
167. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Paul Helm Paul Helm
Divine Causation and Analogy
Boska Przyczynowość a Analogia

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Quentin Smith’s idea is that God being the originating cause of the universe is logically inconsistent with all extant definitions of causation, and thus logically impossible. Thus, for example the God of the Philosophers couldn’t have created the Universe, not even in both its senses, in both literal and analogical senses. The thesis is advanced by accounts of the usual views of “cause”. It is maintained these is successful. Such I shall then offer an account of divine causation of my own, and thus attempt to argue that Smith has not shown that the relation that God has to the universe is not a causal relation. Such as a Humean or that of David Lewis sense and of the “singularist” view of C. J. Ducasse would fail the analogical. And Malebranche’s “occasionalism” is surely an exception. If we turn to the other kind then it seems to be a case of “if the data are analogical-in, then the data will be that too”. Finally, it is argued that it is more productive to consider particular individual theistic powers and perfections, for these are mongrels which literality and of analogy are compounded.
168. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Robert C. Koons Robert C. Koons
Some Puzzles about Molinist Conditionals
Wybrane Problemy Molinistycznych Okresów Warunkowych

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William Hasker has been one of the most trenchant and insightful critics of the revival of Molinism. He has focused on the “freedom problem”, a set of challenges designed to show that Molinism does not secure a place for genuinely free human action (HASKER 1986, 1995, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2011). These challenges focus on a key element in the Molinist story: the counterfactual (or subjunctive) conditionals of creaturely freedom. According to Molinism, these conditionals have contingent truth-values that are knowable to God prior to His decision of what world to actualize. This divine “middle knowledge” is supposed to enable God to execute a detailed plan for world history without any loss of creaturely freedom. Hasker has argued that this middle knowledge nonetheless deprives us of the power to do otherwise than we do, a crucial element in human freedom and responsibility.
169. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Jacek Wojtysiak Jacek Wojtysiak
A Bigger God and the Pre-Creation Situation: Some Remarks Inspired by William Hasker
Większy Bóg i Sytuacja Przed Stworzeniem

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In the present essay, while entering into discussion with William Hasker, I addressed two divine dilemmas in “the pre-creation situation.” My considerations focused on the reasons for creating a world—the love (grace) reason and the manifestation reason—which in some way prevailed over the reasons against creating a world (the no need reason and the imperfection reason) and whose concurrence prompted the image of an (rather relatively) optimal creatable world. It turns out that the latter resembles both our world and the world suggested by Hasker’s theism. In that world, God has brought to existence both what is unworthy (thus showing his grace in a special way) and what displays high degrees of excellence (thus manifesting his glory). On this view, the eschatological conclusion of the world would be the full actualization of divine grace and of the manifestation of God. In the final part of the essay, I attempted to show that my view does not entail the rejection of the idea of divine impassibility.
170. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Dariusz Łukasiewicz Dariusz Łukasiewicz
On William Hasker’s Theodicy, the Doctrine of Continuous Creation and the Nature of Morality
O Teodycei Williama Haskera, Doktrynie Ciągłego Stwarzania i Naturze Moralności

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In the article, I present the main assumptions of the natural-order theodicy and the free-will theodicy defended by William Hasker. Next, I pose the question of whether Hasker’s theodicies are compatible with the Christian doctrine of continuous creation accepted by Hasker himself. I consider several different ways of how the doctrine of continuous creation can be understood and the difficulties associated with them. Finally, I propose a modified conception of continuous creation and I claim that it is consistent with the main assumptions of William Hasker’s theodicies.
171. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
Joseph Jedwab Joseph Jedwab
A Neo-Lockean Theory of the Trinity and Incarnation
Neolocke’Owska Teoria Trójcy Świętej i Wcielenia

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I present two problems: the logical problem of the Trinity and the metaphysical problem of Incarnation. I propose a solution to both problems: a Neo-Lockean theory of the Trinity and Incarnation, which applies a Neo-Lockean theory of personal identity to the doctrines of the Trinity and Incarnation.
172. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
William Hasker Reply to My Friendly Critics
173. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 1
William Hasker’s Bibliography
174. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Stefan Swieżawski Stefan Swieżawski
Beginnings of Modern Christian Aristotelianism
Beginnings of Modern Christian Aristotelianism

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The paper focuses on four main topics: (a) increased theological standing of Aristotle in the 15th century; (b) critical concerns over the compatibility of Aristotle’s philosophy with Christianity, as well as over its interpretation by Averroes; (c) search for the “historical Aristotle” and an objective assessment of the resultant interpretations of Aristotle’s philosophy; (d) identification of Thomism with Christian Aristotelianism.
175. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Stanisław Wielgus Stanisław Wielgus
The Medieval Polish Doctrine of the Law of Nations: Ius Gentium
The Medieval Polish Doctrine of the Law of Nations: Ius Gentium

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In attempting to summarize in a few sentences the achievements of the medieval scholars of the Polish school of ius gentium, we must emphasize that by employing the inherited legal and philosophico-theological tradition and intellectual achievements of the University of Kraków, coupling it with their own genius, they manager to create a coherent and universal system of international law. It was a system so modern, wise, tolerant and universal that it was able to be applied not only in solving the painful problem stemming from the lengthy conflict between Poland and the Teutonic Knights but was also used in resolving global problems of the contemporary Christian’s world conflict with the non-Christian one. That legal system, based upon the eternal principles of Divine and natural law, taking account of the Gospel Law of Love and inseparably connecting law with morality and justice with truth, remains valid even today
176. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Juliusz Domański Juliusz Domański
Fausto Sozzini’s Explicatio Primae Partis Primi Capitis Euangelii Ioannis and Its Erasmian Exegesis
Fausto Sozzini’s Explicatio Primae Partis Primi Capitis Euangelii Ioannis and Its Erasmian Exegesis

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The paper compares the method of Biblical interpretation used by Erasmus of Rotterdam with the method of Socinus, raising the question of the extent to which the method outlined by Socinus in his Explicatio primae partis primi capitis Euangelii Joannis can be seen as continuous and and consonant with the method of Erasmus, and to what extent it should be seen as its rejection or modification. In addition, the essay outlines similarities and differences, with respect to both method and content, between Erasmus' Adnotationes and Socinus’ Explicatio
177. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Zbigniew Ogonowski Zbigniew Ogonowski
Antitrinitarianism in Poland before Socinus. A Historical Outline
Antitrinitarianism in Poland before Socinus. A Historical Outline

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The paper takes an in-depth look at an early, pre-Socinian stage of Polish antitrinitarianism. First, it outlines the historical reasons for the emergence of antitrinitarianism in Poland. Second, it explains how the early Polish antitrinitarians were able to develop a view substantial enough to provide a basis for Socinianism, a philosophical and religious movement with a pan-European reach. Third, it discusses similarities and differences between the two stages of Polish “Arianism”, pre-Socinian and Socinian.
178. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Marcin Iwanicki Marcin Iwanicki
Johann Crell on Religious Tolerance and Salvation
Johann Crell on Religious Tolerance and Salvation

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The essay discusses the defense of religious tolerance presented in Johann Crell’s treatise On Freedom of Conscience, pointing to the tension between Christian exclusivism on the one hand and religious practicalism and rationalism on the other inherent in Crell’s views. This tension can be resolved by adopting theistic minimalism or extreme practicalism.
179. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Nicholas Jolley Nicholas Jolley
Hobbes and Religious Freedom
Hobbes and Religious Freedom

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This paper seeks to examine Hobbes’s credentials as a defender of religious freedom along three dimensions. The first section analyzes what might be called Hobbes’s core position on freedom of conscience and worship; it is shown how, by means of a characteristically reductionist strategy, he seeks to persuade the reader that the absolute state allows room for freedom of conscience and worship in all ways that they have reason to care about. The second section turns to Hobbes’s praise of Independency and addresses the issue whether it is consistent with his core position; it is argued that though it supplements this position it does not represent a fundamental departure from it. The final section takes up the perennially fascinating issue of the relationship between Locke’s mature defence of religious toleration and the teachings of his great precursor in the social contract tradition. Without seeking to minimize the differences I argue that Locke is able to adapt Hobbesian themes to his own distinctive purposes.
180. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 4
Edwin Curley Edwin Curley
Locke on Religious Toleration
Locke on Religious Toleration

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The paper analyses and criticizes Locke’s arguments for religious toleration presented in his Letter concerning Toleration. The author argues that the epistemology Locke developed in his Essay concerning Human Understanding made a more constructive contribution to the case for toleration.