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41. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
José Quaresma A Gravidade do Consenso sob Suspeita
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In this article we share the conviction that any aesthetic judgement is compounded of extreme spontaneity (I); communicated share (and not a presumed share) - the demands set by the Other of the communication and the conflict of two distinct claims (II); the personal synthesis between the individual spontaneity and the results of the share done with the Other of the aesthetic communication (III). We also admit that these three aesthetic occurrences are equally needed to the aesthetic communication, but we lay stress on the first occurrence - extreme spontaneity - as the “touch stone” of both aesthetic experience and judgement’s communication. What we corne to emphasize is that the occurrence “extreme spontaneity” is not just the very basis of the aesthetic experience, but as well, the “touch stone” of the aesthetic communication that never fades away of the discussion, even when the most rational arguments are present. As a mater of fact, this occurrence is there at the very first moment, persists secretly and strategically at the second one - moment of the communicated share - and reappears openly at the synthetic occurrence. We also defend that the “extreme spontaneity” is the occurrence that generates the suspicion’s exercise about the excesses of the communication’s rationality; that makes the suspicion something permanent (sometimes visible others latent); and finally, allows us to say that without its craft and the sensitive suspecting power the communication of the aesthetic judgement loses its authenticity and becomes empty in its universal claiming and tensional life.
42. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Ângela Delfino Estética e Paisagem - Algumas Referências Legais
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This paper analyses the legal treatment of the concepts of “aesthetics” and “landscape” in the areas of Zoning, Planning and Environmental Law, both in domestic and public international law. References are made to the World Charter for Nature, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, European Landscape Convention and several Portuguese Statutes. In the absence of a common agreed definition of the terms, several proposals of interpretation are provided and discussed taking into account the relevant values of law, i.e. justice and certainty.
43. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Leonel Ribeiro dos Santos O Espírit o da Letra: Sobre o Conflito entre Fichte Eschiller a Respeito da Linguagem da Filosofia e da Natureza do Estético
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En essayant de comprendre les raisons qui ont amené Schiller, en juin de 1795, à refuser la publication de l’essai de Fichte “Sur l’esprit et la lettre en Philosophie”, dans la revue Die Horen, on va du conflit personnel et des raisons du conflit entre les deux philosophes au conflit même de leurs raisons. On reconnaît, certes, la dette de Schiller à l’auteur de la Doctrine de la Science et, quand même, la dette du philosophe du Moi pur et de l’idéalisme de la liberté à l’auteur des Lettres sur l'éducation esthétique de l'homme dans ceci qui, grâce à lui, celui-là se penche sur l’“impulsion esthétique” de l’esprit et ouvre une place subordonnée pour l’esthétique dans son système. Mais surtout on arrive à l’évidence de l’incompatibilité de nature qui existe entre leurs philosophies, pas seulement à propos du langage qui convient à la philosophie, mais aussi dans ce qui concerne la nature et la portée de la dimension esthétique dans la vie de l’esprit, le rôle de l’imagination et la solution qui chacun d’eux entend apporter au problème kantien de la réconciliation entre la raison et la sensibilité.
44. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Maria de Lurdes Pequito Hegel: Sobre o Prosaico e o Poético
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À partir de l’image du chevalier de laver tu exposée dans la Phénoménologie de l'esprit de Hegel, on s’interroge sur le sens du prosaïque et de la prose du monde dans sa pensée, surtout dans le contexte des Leçons d'esthétique. Le chevalier de la vertu, sa noblesse et son aveuglement permettent de apercevoir un cours du monde dynamique dont la résolution est indifférente à la volonté singulière. Dans ses Leçons d'esthétique Hegel montre une autre dimension de cette prose du monde enregardant la peinture hollandaise comme expression d’un monde plein de sérénité et de secrets, une poésie du quotidien présente dans les détails des objects traversés par la lumière. On explore dans cet article cette apparente ambiguïté dans la pensée de Hegel.
45. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Ana Anahory Leituras do Sublime : Lyotard e Derrida
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In the 80’s, the situation after the reception of kantian philosophy was suddenly shaken by Jean-François Lyotard’s and Jacques Derrida’s approaches to the Critique of Judgement. These were so massively decisive that they reorganized the bounderies of modernity in projecting the Analytique of the sublime as the ground of legitimation of our aesthetical, ethical and political experience. For Lyotard, the sublime subject contained not only the necessary categories to think the avant-garde art but it could also offer kernels of resistance towards the political model of neocontractualism. Derrida changes the topic of negative representation of the impossible into the theorical coordinates of a new way of thinking such different themes as the hospitality, the responsibility, the justice, the decision, the gift or the death. In both authors, Kant becomes too close, so close that he is almost out of focus, especially regarding what can be unthinkable in his work.
46. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Inês Barahona de Almeida A Cegueira na Origem do Desenho - Jacques Derrida em Mémoires d'aveugle
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La réflexion qui suit a pour but de suivre le texte de Jacques Derrida, intitulé Mémoires d'aveugle, L'autoportrait et autres ruines. Ce texte constitue le catalogue de l’exposition que le philosophe a organisé au Musée du Louvre sur la cécité et le dessin. En ayant pour réflexion le mythe de Dibutade qui est à l’origine du dessin, surgiront comme traits fondamentaux dans l’argumentation derridienne la reconduction de la vision à la mémoire, la radication du dessin dans la partie d’ombre, dans l’absence, et la nature ambivalente de la trace du dessin. En tenant compte du mythe de l’origine du dessin et du rôle de la vision et de la cécité, Jacques Derrida arrive à la formulation de sa thèse centrale: chaque fois qu’un dessinateur dessine un aveugle, il fait son auto-portrait. Ensuite, on analyse la figuration des aveugles, cherchant à souligner les aspects les plus importants, comme le besoin d’un “théâtre des mains”, la relation entre haptique et optique, ou encore la singulière vocation des aveugles pour devenir des êtres de lumière, élus du divin, donc témoins d’une rédemption et d’une ascèse. Suivant la suggestion du texte de Jacques Derrida, on aboutit au fait que la vision et la cécité ont une importance pour ce qui est de la définition de toute Anthropologie, pour ce cas d’une “Anthropologie des larmes”.
47. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Victor Silva Estética e Ética em Monroe C. Bearsdley
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Monroe C. Beardsley is an American philosopher who argues for the relative independence of aesthetic value and moral value in the artistic field. The key concept of aesthetic experience provides the basis for his definition of artwork and much of the analysis of the value issue.
48. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Américo Marcelino Imagem e Representação
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The boundaries between figuration and abstraction, artistic and non-artistic, or between depiction and other forms of reference repeatedly arise in discussions about images and representation, usually ending up in ambiguous distinctions between the innate and natural versus the constructed and cultural. Nelson Goodman’s account to what we call a conventionalist theory of pictures can answer some questions concerning the puzzling nature of representation. The relativity of such boundaries become clear if we accept a multidirectional perspective of reference, determined by the several symbolic function contexts in whith pictures and other signs are brought in. In spite of this, the significance and range we take from the concepts of picture and depiction is crucial to the dilution of those distinctions. Following Goodman, this paper seeks to explore the correlation between these two connected but even so distinctive concepts.
49. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Ana Mantero Contraponto. Klee e Kandinsky - Diálogos numa Terra Fértil
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Klee and Kandinsky, companions in adventure both in the world of painting and music, opened the paths of creation and built the beginning of an epistemology of art. From this intense intellectual and artistic exchange sprang a strong inspiration that heard the echoes of the cosmological order as reflected in the mysteries of nature and the sounds of the human soul. It is worth finding the counterpoint of their investigations, carefully written down at the time they taught together at the Bauhaus. Explorers of secret worlds, listeners of inaudible sounds, they discovered the profound similarities between the laws of nature and the arts.
50. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
José Artur Ramos No Traço dos Traços do Nosso Rosto
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The essay Tracing the Traces of our Face concerns the relationship between the drawing, the self-portrait and the image in the mirror. This is accomplished following some ideas exposed in Bachelard's The wather an d the dreams (L'Eau et les Rêves) where the mirroring on still water is put up into debate. The present paper tries to explore a concept of self-portrait departing of Bachelard’s notion of naturalization of the image. In this way it is set up the idea that the drawing self-portrait can be an action that gives back natural presence to identity, which was lost in a too much artificial and fixed world. So, drawing dissolves the image with such a naturality as if it was deep lake water.
51. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Manuel Pedro Ferreira Juízo Estético e Filologia Musical: Em Torno de um Cancioneiro Polifónico do Século XV
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The author defines his view of music in the Western classical tradition as an evanescent, phenomenological object dependent both on written parameters and an adequate interpretative framework. For him, this implies, on the one hand, that philological reasoning should not ignore hermeneutics (thus rejecting positivism) and on the other, that an aesthetical judgement of a historical object should aim at historical adequacy (thus rejecting subjectivism). Against current musicological undervaluation of editorial tasks, he proposes to dignify their intellectual reach, demonstrating how philological reasoning and aesthetical judgement converge in the edition of polyphonic music, namely, three songs in MS. 714 of the Oporto Public Library, recently published in facsimile (Porto, Campo das Letras, 2001), newly transcribed in the Appendix. He painstakingly describes the steps that lead to editorial corrections, interpretation of variants, suggestions of musica ficta, and text underlay in Joye’s “Poy che crudel fortuna” and anonymous’ “Hélas!, n’aray-je jamais mieux?”. Then he discusses the technical, aesthetical, and rhetorical significance of implied E-flats in “Fortune, laisse moy la vie”. The conclusion draws the reader’s attention to the fact that a good musical edition depends as much on sound philological reasoning, as on pure musicianship.
52. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Cristina Beckert Da Obliteração: Reflexões Levinasianas Sobre a Obra de Sosno
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This paper aims to reflect upon the relation between Aesthetic and Ethics through the work of Sacha Sosno, a Latvan sculptor, and the comments on it produced by the Lithuanian philosopher Emmanuel Levinas who regards Ethics as “first philosophy”. The concept of obliteration that dominates Sosno’s sculptures of human figures expresses the condition in which modern man is placed or the “scandal of suffering”, as Levinas puts it, giving an ethical sense to the aesthetic works as it aims to a mysterious sense impossible to display by plastic representations but which is always present in its own absence.
53. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Mafalda de Faria Blanc Henologia e Constituição Espiritual do Princípio
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Dans un premier temps, l’Hénologie, entendue au sens néo-platonicien d’une interprétation méontologique du fondement de l’étant, est présentée dans son développement historique comme une possibilité qui toujours se présente à la réflexion philosophique sur le Principe en alternative à l’Onto-théo-logie. Dans un deuxième moment, l’Hénologie est entendue comme une pensée de la génèse et de la justification de l’existence, où l’homme, compris comme liberté et action - dans la tradition spéculative de l’Idéalisme Allemand - est pris dans son rôle central comme le médiateur universel de l’esprit, le rédempteur même de l ’Absolu dans sa volonté d’existence.
54. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Cristiana Veiga Simão As Ideias Embaraçosas. A Natureza da Razão e a sua Relação com a Experiência do Sublime
55. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Diogo Sardinha Justiça e Produção de Verdade: Foucault e a Psiquiatria Criminal
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Cette étude traite de l’approche foucaldienne de la psychiatrie criminelle. Elle montre d’abord comment la justice y est soupçonnée de se prononcer sur la base d’une production problématique de vérité. Elle explique ensuite comment les concepts de champ et d’engrenage contribuent à décrire l’existence de l’ordre et sa transformation dans les liens entre la psychiatrie et le système judiciaire. Enfin, elle s’intéresse au danger comme valeur cruciale pour comprendre ces liens.
56. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Renato Epifânio Actas do Congresso Internacional Pensadores Portuenses Contemporâneos 1850-1950
57. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 10 > Issue: 19/20
Pedro M. S. Alves Descartes - Reflexão sobre a Modernidade. Actas do Colóquios Internacional do Porto
58. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 11 > Issue: 21
Ferruccio Andolfi, Adriana Veríssimo Serrão A Ponderada Obsessão de Jean-Marie Guyau
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Nell'Abbozzo di una morale senza obbligo né sanzione Guyau anticipa la tendenza dell'etica contemporanea a spostare l’accento dal dovere alla responsabilità rispetto alle risorse che si posseggono. Il saggio ricostruisce la formazione di questa originale proposta a partire dai confronti con lo stoicismo e l'epicureismo, con i moralisti inglesi e specialmente con l’autonomia kantiana, che Guyau approfondisce e supera in nome di un’«anomia» che implica la moltiplicazione e la varietà degli ideali individuali. L'autore si sofferma a considerara il significato congetturale dell’«ipotesi metafísica» dell'espansione della vita, che oltrepassa l’ambito dei principi, socialmente utili, di conservazione della vita e costituisce il livello più alto della moralità individuale. La portata «altruistica» dell'espansione della vita viene chiarita attraverso un confronto con l'idea di «volontà di potenza», che Nietzsche, nelle note critiche poste a margine dell'Esquisse, avvicina ma oppone all'idea di «dépense» sostenuta dal filosofo francese. Quest'idea non conforta l'aspettativa spenceriana di un'affermazione incondizionata, nel futuro, dell'istinto sociale altruistico: per Guyau l'uomo conserva il privilegio, e la condanna, di dover sempre ragiona re (raisonner) i propri desideri.
59. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 11 > Issue: 21
José Barata-Moura Do Revolucionamento como Moléstia, uma Descosida Releitura de Ortega y Gasset
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Le philosophe espagnol José Ortega y Gasset a exposé quelques lignes de sa conception de l’histoire dans une série de conférences tenues a Lisbonne, en 1944, sur le thème « La raison historique ». L’auteur de cet article montre comment, chez Ortega, soit le sens général de l’histoire soit en particulier ses idées sur l’avenir de l’Europe se rattachent directement à sa philosophie de la vie, mettant en même temps en évidence ses jugements critiques sur la révolution, la contradiction et la dialectique.
60. Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy: Volume > 11 > Issue: 21
Carlos Morujão Religião, Cultura e Sociedade em Über Dante in Philosophischer Beziehung, de Fr. W. J. Schelling
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Cet article prend pour point de départ les rapports entre religion, art et politique dans les écrits schellingiens de la période de la philosophie de l’identité, en particulier l'Essai sur Dante, de 1803. Il examine le programme schellingien (qui fût aussi celui de toute une génération) de constitution d’une religion esthétique - dans ses dimensions philosophique et politique, aussi bien que religieuse - et avance quelques réponses à la question de son échec et de son abandon.