O pensamento do poeta português cruza-se com o filósofo alemão sobre o tema da busca da verdade. Criticando o dualismo metafísico e a posição de uma verdade absoluta, Pessoa retoma a transmutação dos valores par a concluir uma verdade múltipla e relativa, ou seja a linguagem do mundo como metáfora. No entanto, ao contrario de Nieztsche que admite a morte de Deus par a poder reconsiderar completamente o conhecimento e o sentido da tragédia, Pessoa limita-se a reconhecer unicamente a sua ausência. A partir dessa divergência, a metáfora apresenta-se na reflexão do poeta como um fingimen to contemplativo, abdicando assim do projecto nieztscheano de instituir a metáfora como acção criativa.

In 1993 John Rawls published his main and longest work since 1971, where he had published his reknowned A Theory of Justice, book that made him famous as the greatest political philosopher of the century. We are referring to Political Liberalism, a summary of his writings of the 80’s and the first half of the 90’s, where he attempts to answer the critics of his intellectual partners, communitarian philosophers. One of the key topics in this book is the issue of “public reason”, whose object is nothing else than public good, and on which the principles and proceedings of justice are to be applied. The book was so important for the political philosophy of the time that in 1997 Rawls had to go through the 1993 edition, becoming this new one the last relevant writing published before the death of the Harvard philosopher in November 2002.

This paper aims the systematisation of historical dynamics and political conceptualisations around Portuguese nationalism and federalism, between 1901 and 1926. Used by several doctrinists and political programmes as ideological references, such concepts have suffered multiple appropriations. To be stressed is the doctrinal diversity of the Portuguese nationalism, strongly influenced by an epoch determined by the emergence of European nationalisms and the struggle among hegemonic powers. Inside them, according to Fernand Braudel, «violent units» were manifest but condemned to failure, since «violence was never enough for anyone to take control over the whole European household».

The type of authority needed for a good environmental public policy is discussed. We looked at some authors who saw in Leviathan, a type of authority possibly compatible with a model for environmental policy and to some others who refuted it. The need for a Leviathan, what type of Leviathan and could Hobbes’s arguments be used in environmental policy is then discussed. The tragedy of the commons, a rich metaphor for environmental policy is used as the main drive. This small essay will, even though very modestly, contribute for an almost absent environmental political philosophy, where traditional concepts such as authority, sovereignty or state are being challenged and need discussion.

Se développant autour du problème de la citoyenneté, l’article soutient qu’il s’agit moins d’un statut fixe que d’un processus de construction, c’est-à-dire, d’une affaire de culture. Plusieurs de ces connexions fortes entre les deux concepts sont ici présentées sous la forme d’énoncés: a) la citoyenneté doit être comprise en tant qu’œuvre de culture; b) la citoyenneté n’existe que dans un cadre de culture où elle peut s’exercer; c) les déterminations de la citoyenneté sont à son tour enrichies par les possibilités de la culture.

Le propos de l’article c’est d’analyser la formation et l’évolution du concept de souveraineté, concernant essentiellement les siècles XII-XIV, une période au long de laquelle il est progressivement configuré. La thèse fondamentale de l’auteur consiste précisément dans l’affirmation selon laquelle les questions inhérentes à la souveraineté sont simultanément politiques et juridiques, liaison intrinsèque qui transparaît dans les deux moments essentiels de la construction du concept de souveraineté : le premier se rapportant avec la question de la distribution des juridictions strictu sensu, c’est-à-dire, avec la définition de l’entité dont la mission est de faire accomplir la loi en tant que telle; le second qui signale l’apparition d’un sens plus large du concept de juridiction - légitimité de créer, de changer et de révoquer les normes - associée à l’idée de pouvoir législatif dans une acception moderne. Cette construction en deux mouvements est analysée dans des auteurs fondamentaux de cette période depuis les canonistes du XIII siècle jusqu’à Guillaume d’Ockham, passant par Saint Thomas d'Aquin et Jean Quidort, entre autres.

The present article tries to consider the present circumstances of the phenomenon of war starting from an opposition between Carl Schmitt and Michael Walzer. Starting from the essential link between jus ad bellum and jus in bello, the author tries to analyse the kind of war that arises from the crisis of jus ad bellum: a war reduced to self defence, based on enemy’s criminalization and justified as a police action with humanitarian rhetoric. Based on that analysis, he argues that the inevitable consequence of taking away the jus belli from sovereign power is the increasing of war’s intensity and violence itself.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the contribution of Statesman James Madison - in its theoretical and practical component - to the solution of a classical problem of Political Philosophy: how is it possible to guarantee the protection of citizens within a political project that deeply involves them? First, we will consider Madison’s theoretical contributions, examining his letters, political writings and speeches; secondly, we will analyse his participation in the discussion and framing of the American Bill of Rights (1791), there by trying to widerstand the reasons for its success and how important Madison’s procedures and observations were in accomplishing it.

A partir de Hegel, a filosofia moral kantiana foi interpretada em sentido solipsístico. Uma reconsideração abrangente da ética pondo em articulação um dos núcleos d a Fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes, a saber, o conceito de “reino dos fins” com a secção da Metafísica dos costumes dedicada aos “De veres de virtude em relação aos outros”, permitiu-nos reconstruir o pensamento kantiano sobre as relações interpessoais. Do confronto da noção de “reino dos fins” com as reflexões sobre a amizade emerge um modelo de relações morais fundado sobre a reciprocidade. A amizade anima as relações de troca entre os membros do “reino dos fins”, personalizando-a. Numa relação entre amigos que possua uma valência moral existe de facto um precioso equilíbrio entre amor e respeito que cria o espaço comum em que se realizam a comunicação e a partilha. O amor tem portanto a tutelá-lo as exigências do respeito. Justamente por isto, Kant coloca reservas à compaixão que, sobretudo quando se exprime em termos de simpatia empática, priva o outro da sua dignidade.

R. Rorty's Posmodern philosophy has its own bases and consequences. One of this consequences is found in the interpretation of education's fact. Truth is changed by a pragmatic way of thinking. Conscience is no more the typical center of a person. The practice way of doing is now the very important thing, without expecting any help from any transcendent Being. Education becomes a social problem and truth is a not real problem and not even a logical justification is required. The distintion between Literature and Philosophy is abolished and the idea of a general text wholly framed is arised. The desconstruction's method is then applied to the text, where the true interpretation is irrelevant.

De um modo sucinto e claro, pretendemos abordar a figura do exílio como força motriz, aglutinadora, e porque não, omnipresente na obra literária e filosófica dos autores que nos propomos agora tratar. Com efeito, forçada a abandonar Espanha em 1939 juntamente com outros intelectuais, rumo a um doloroso exílio de quarenta e cinco anos, María Zambrano matura, a partir desta condição (e por causa dela?) as que serão linhas mestras do seu pensamento. Vergílio Ferreira viveu, se assim se pode chamar, um exílio de carácter mais “metafórico”. Não obstante, tomou para si também o desconforto e a des-pertença dos que não têm um lugar próprio, ou dos que o perderam. Os se us livros, escritos ao sabor da memória (e de memórias), procuram, buscam, escavam quase arqueologicamente um tempo feliz de raízes, um espaço topofílico perdido.

The article aims, first of all, to understand the general significance of the category of landscape in the Contemporary aesthetical reflection. In a second moment it analyzes how some doctrines have discussed the following aspects of the problem: a. the definition of landscape as an intrinsic value of nature; b. the place of the aesthetical appreciation of landscape; c. the relations between aesthetical attitude and ethical respect to landscape.