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41. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 12 > Issue: 2
Roman Darowski Philosophy of the Jesuits in Lithuania since the 16th until the 18th Century
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In the philosophy of the Jesuits of this period one can distinguish philosophy connected with teaching, i.e. taught at schools led by the Jesuits, and Civicphilosophy, not connected directly with teaching. This was mainly social, economic, and political philosophy, especially philosophy of the state, law and the like.
42. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 12 > Issue: 2
Piotr Sikora Putnamian Constraints on Pluralistic Theology of Religions
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There are many arguments that so-called pluralistic theologies of religions face difficulties in being sufficiently pluralistic. In order to meet such an objection, a pluralist offers different solutions. I argue that the range of plausible possibilities for a pluralist is strongly constrained by philosophical arguments which one can develop out of the philosophy of Hilary Putnam. In the first part of this paper, I sketch out three important strands of the Putnamian thought I consider worth defending. Given such presuppositions, I formulate two constraints on pluralistic theology of religions. In the last section of my paper, I briefly point out which ofthe particular standpoints, often labelled as „pluralistic theology of religions", have problems with meeting formulated constraints, and which of the „pluralists" seem to be in accordance with them.
43. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 12 > Issue: 2
Tim Thornton An Aesthetic Grounding for the Role of Concepts in Experience in Kant, Wittgenstein and McDowell
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The paper begins by asking, in the context of McDowell's Mind and World, what guides empirical judgement. It then critically examines David Bell's accountof the role of aesthetic judgement, or experience, in Kant and Wittgenstein, in shedding light on empirical judgement. Bell's suggestion that a Wittgensteinian account of aesthetic experience can guide the application of empirical concepts is criticised: neither the discussion of aesthetic judgement nor aesthetic experience helps underpin empirical judgement. But attention to the parallel between Wittgenstein's discussion of understanding rules and the question of how empirical concepts can be applied to particulars suggests how to dissolve the felt need for an answer. This in turn helps shed light on McDowell's conceptualist account of experience.
44. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 12 > Issue: 2
Anna-Karin Andersson The Positive and Negative Rights of Pre-Natal Organisms and Infants/Children in Virtue of Their Potentiality for Autonomous Agency
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In this paper, a rights-based argument for the impermissibility of abortion, infanticide and neglect of some pre-natal organisms and infants/children is advanced. I argue, in opposition to most rights-ethicists, that the potentiality for autonomous agency gives individuals negative rights. I also examine the conjecture that potential autonomous agents have positive rights in virtue of their vulnerability. According to this suggestion, once an individual obtains actual autonomous agency, he or she has merely negative rights. Possible solutions to conflicts of rights between parents and their offspring are investigated. Finally, I discuss a lexical order between positive and negative rights, which may solve conflicts between the rights of potential autonomous agents and actual autonomous agents.
45. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 12 > Issue: 2
Robert Janusz Ontology in Astronomy
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In the domain of astronomy the object oriented paradigm of informatics needs to constmct an ontology to be able to reason about concepts and to constructqueries in a computerized knowledge system. The article presents approaches to ontology in philosophy, the natural sciences and informatics and shows their limits and reciprocity.
46. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 12 > Issue: 2
Giorgio Lando Tractarian Ontology: Mereology or Set Theory?
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I analyze the relations of constituency or „being in" that connect different ontological items in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. A state of affairs is constituted by atoms, atoms are in a state of affairs. Atoms are also in an atomic fact. Moreover, the world is the totality of facts, thus it is in some sense made of facts. Many other kinds of Tractarian notions - such as molecular facts, logical space, reality - seem to be involved in constituency relations. How should these relations be conceived? And how is it possible to formalize them in a convincing way? I draw a comparison between two ways of conceiving and formalizing these relations: through sets and through mereological sums. The comparison shows that the conceptual machinery of set theory is apter to conceive and formalize Tractarian constituency notions than the mereological one.
47. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Simini Rahimi Swinburne on the Euthyphro Dilemma. Can Supervenience Save Him?
48. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Daniel Laurier Making „Reasons " Explicit. How Normative is Brandom's Inferentialism?
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This paper asks whether Brandom has provided a sufficiently clear account of the basic normative concepts of commitment and entitlement, on whichhis normative inferentialism seems to rest, and of how they contribute to explain the inferential articulation of conceptual contents. I show that Brandom's claim that these concepts are analogous to the concepts of obligation and permission cannot be right, and argue that the normative character of the concept of commitment is dubious. This leads me to replace Brandom's conception of inferential relations as relations between deontic statuses with one according to which they are to be seen as relations between entitlements and acknowledgements of commitments.
49. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Lubos Rojka Human Authenticity and the Question of God in the Philosophy of Bernard Lonergan
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In his Insight, Lonergan presents a general form of the argument for the existence of God: „reality is completely intelligible, therefore, God exists." Its framework may be characterized as a Leibnizian version of the cosmological argument from the contingency of empirical reality to the unrestricted act of understanding.The acceptance of Lonergan's argument presupposes familiarity with his theory of being and objectivity. In my analysis, since Lonergan uses heuristic(second order) definitions and dialectical method in his justification of the complete intelligibility of reality, the argument invites continuous examination of theproposed alternative metaphysical theories.
50. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Manuel Rebuschi Czezowski's Axiological Concepts as Full-fledged Modalities: We Must Either Make What Is Good, Or Become Revisionists
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This short paper provides a tentative formalization of Czezowski's ideas about axiological concepts: Good and Evil are conceived of as modalities ratherthan as predicates. A natural account of the resulting „ethical logic" appears to be very close to standard deontic logic. If one does not resolve to become an anti-realist regarding moral values, a possible way out is to become a revisionist about deontology: convert to intuitionism or some other kind of revisionism in deontic logic, and remain classical in ethical logic.
51. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Joshtrom I. Kureethadam The 'Meditational' Genre of Descartes 'Meditations
52. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Adam Świeżyński The Evolutionary Concept of Human Death
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The natural sciences reveal the existence of a constant process of cosmic evolution, in which new forms of matter emerge. The continuity of the non-Organic and biological evolutionary processes, their assignment to the laws of nature, as well as the fact that the appearance of a human being constitutes theirculmination, all this shows that a human being is an element of the material structure of the world. From the evolutionary point of view, it could be argued thatI human being is „the ultimate form of life," a very interesting but, in many respects, still very mysterious idea.
53. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Aleksandra Derra Explicit and Implicit Assumptions in Noam Chomsky's Theory of Language
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The author identifies selected implicit or not fully explicit assumptions made by Noam Chomsky in his theory of language. Through a careful examinationof Chomsky's work, she aims to present the solutions this linguist proposes with respect to two fundamental questions: the question of methodology and thequestion of the ontological status of language. After reviewing the central theses of Chomsky's theory in the first part of the paper, she tums to the question that ismentioned in the title of this paper, that is, the reservations regarding the assumptions underlying Chomsky's work.
54. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Stanisław Ziemiański Time and Its Philosophical Implications
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The conception of time, presented by St. Augustine, unites within itself the physical-philosophical views of Aristotle, and its own psychological view concerning the lived experience of the flow of sensory impressions from the past towards the future. H. Majkrzak (1999) underlines, in Augustine, the existential moment of time. The time of a human life is limited: it is situated within borders stretching from the day of birth to the day of death. This faithful and precise representationof the Augustinian conception of time, nevertheless brings the reader up against a problem: What value does it have today?
55. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
Mostafa Taqavi, Mohammad Saleh Zarepour The Strong Version of Underdetermination of Theories by Empirical Data: Comments on Wolenski's Analysis
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The Polish researcher in the field of logic and philosophy, Jan Woleński, in one of his recent articles, „Metalogical Observations About the Underdeterminationof Theories by Empirical Data," logically formalized two weak and strong versions of the underdetermination of theories by empirical data (or UT by abbreviation)and with these formalization has metalogically analyzed these two versions. Finally he has deducted that the weak version is defensible while the strong version is not. In this paper we will critically study Woleński's analysis of the strong version of UT.
56. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 1
John McDade Simone Weil and Gerard Manley Hopkins on God, Affliction, Necessity and Sacrifice
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Simone Weil's ideas on affliction and sacrifice have been interpreted by some as though they are the product of psychological problems. I will approachher writings on necessity and affliction through G. M. Hopkins' little prose masterpiece. Later I will suggest that she may be profitably related to some French spiritual writers in the 17th Century, who develop a link between the necessity of offering sacrifice to God and the radical contingency of created existence.
57. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Danuta Ługowska Evolutionary Psychology as the Contemporary Myth
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Science or myth? This question contains the basic problem, arising from the analysis of evolutionary psychology. The problem in question refers to the status of the interpretations of reality promoted by the evolutionists, in particular in reference to the human being. This article is an attempt to present an argument for the following thesis: firstly, that there are no scientific criteria for evaluating hypotheses in evolutionary psychology; and secondly that the theses of the discipline contain certain cultural contents - which until present times were carried by myth.
58. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Fedor Stanzhevskiy Towards a Hermeneutics of Religion(s). A Reading of Ricoeur's Readings
59. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Saladdin Ahmed What is Sufism?
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Most Westem scholars define Sufism as the spirituality of Islam or the mystical version of Islam. It is thought to be the inward approach to Islam that emerged and flourished in the non-Arab parts of the Islamic world. Most scholars like William Stoddart think that Sufism is to Islam what Yoga is to Hinduism, Zen to Buddhism, and mysticism to Christianity (Stoddart 1976, p. 19). In this essay, I will shed light on the major lines and elements in the philosophy of Sufism. I willtry to give a concrete account of Sufism by introducing its major features within the relevant Islamic tradition and history.
60. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen Metaphysics and Time
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The leap from primitive to scientific time represented as the „time" in „relativity physics", or in „thermodynamics" or perhaps in „quantum physics" or even within „Statistical mechanics" is large. Large also is the conceptual difference between these various understandings of the nature of time. How are we really to understand these physical perspectives on time: As knowledge about the real nature of time represented by the objective concepts: Or as epistemologicaloperational abstractions that cannot avoid elevating their results to the level of full-fledged reality, to ontology?