This paper aims the systematisation of historical dynamics and political conceptualisations around Portuguese nationalism and federalism, between 1901 and 1926. Used by several doctrinists and political programmes as ideological references, such concepts have suffered multiple appropriations. To be stressed is the doctrinal diversity of the Portuguese nationalism, strongly influenced by an epoch determined by the emergence of European nationalisms and the struggle among hegemonic powers. Inside them, according to Fernand Braudel, «violent units» were manifest but condemned to failure, since «violence was never enough for anyone to take control over the whole European household».

Se développant autour du problème de la citoyenneté, l’article soutient qu’il s’agit moins d’un statut fixe que d’un processus de construction, c’est-à-dire, d’une affaire de culture. Plusieurs de ces connexions fortes entre les deux concepts sont ici présentées sous la forme d’énoncés: a) la citoyenneté doit être comprise en tant qu’œuvre de culture; b) la citoyenneté n’existe que dans un cadre de culture où elle peut s’exercer; c) les déterminations de la citoyenneté sont à son tour enrichies par les possibilités de la culture.

Le propos de l’article c’est d’analyser la formation et l’évolution du concept de souveraineté, concernant essentiellement les siècles XII-XIV, une période au long de laquelle il est progressivement configuré. La thèse fondamentale de l’auteur consiste précisément dans l’affirmation selon laquelle les questions inhérentes à la souveraineté sont simultanément politiques et juridiques, liaison intrinsèque qui transparaît dans les deux moments essentiels de la construction du concept de souveraineté : le premier se rapportant avec la question de la distribution des juridictions strictu sensu, c’est-à-dire, avec la définition de l’entité dont la mission est de faire accomplir la loi en tant que telle; le second qui signale l’apparition d’un sens plus large du concept de juridiction - légitimité de créer, de changer et de révoquer les normes - associée à l’idée de pouvoir législatif dans une acception moderne. Cette construction en deux mouvements est analysée dans des auteurs fondamentaux de cette période depuis les canonistes du XIII siècle jusqu’à Guillaume d’Ockham, passant par Saint Thomas d'Aquin et Jean Quidort, entre autres.

The present article tries to consider the present circumstances of the phenomenon of war starting from an opposition between Carl Schmitt and Michael Walzer. Starting from the essential link between jus ad bellum and jus in bello, the author tries to analyse the kind of war that arises from the crisis of jus ad bellum: a war reduced to self defence, based on enemy’s criminalization and justified as a police action with humanitarian rhetoric. Based on that analysis, he argues that the inevitable consequence of taking away the jus belli from sovereign power is the increasing of war’s intensity and violence itself.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the contribution of Statesman James Madison - in its theoretical and practical component - to the solution of a classical problem of Political Philosophy: how is it possible to guarantee the protection of citizens within a political project that deeply involves them? First, we will consider Madison’s theoretical contributions, examining his letters, political writings and speeches; secondly, we will analyse his participation in the discussion and framing of the American Bill of Rights (1791), there by trying to widerstand the reasons for its success and how important Madison’s procedures and observations were in accomplishing it.

De um modo sucinto e claro, pretendemos abordar a figura do exílio como força motriz, aglutinadora, e porque não, omnipresente na obra literária e filosófica dos autores que nos propomos agora tratar. Com efeito, forçada a abandonar Espanha em 1939 juntamente com outros intelectuais, rumo a um doloroso exílio de quarenta e cinco anos, María Zambrano matura, a partir desta condição (e por causa dela?) as que serão linhas mestras do seu pensamento. Vergílio Ferreira viveu, se assim se pode chamar, um exílio de carácter mais “metafórico”. Não obstante, tomou para si também o desconforto e a des-pertença dos que não têm um lugar próprio, ou dos que o perderam. Os se us livros, escritos ao sabor da memória (e de memórias), procuram, buscam, escavam quase arqueologicamente um tempo feliz de raízes, um espaço topofílico perdido.

The article aims, first of all, to understand the general significance of the category of landscape in the Contemporary aesthetical reflection. In a second moment it analyzes how some doctrines have discussed the following aspects of the problem: a. the definition of landscape as an intrinsic value of nature; b. the place of the aesthetical appreciation of landscape; c. the relations between aesthetical attitude and ethical respect to landscape.