Objectives: The present study questioned the moral orientation between males and females. It was hypothesized that males will score high on justice and social exchange, whilst females high on care and kin reciprocity. High scores on justice and care were found in a respective continuum with social exchange and kin reciprocity.Design: A between-participant independent t-test design of differences was carried out to search for the moral orientation of males and females. The dependent variable (DV) was the scores participants rated on justice and social exchange, and care and kin reciprocity, whilst sex was the independent variable (IV).Method: Three moral vignettes were given to participants followed by questions/state-ments (Appendix C). Participants were asked to respond to those vignettes by using a Likert Scale scoring system rated 1 to 5.Results: The results have shown that males score high on justice and social exchange, whereas females high on care and kin reciprocity. Through the t-test were found significant differences between the sexes on moral reasoning orientations, and the hypothesis was supported.Conclusions: It was concluded that males demonstrate a just moral reasoning, whereas females a caring moral orientation. The continuum between justice and care with social exchange and kin reciprocity portrayed interpersonal relations in view to group dynamics as well as a maintenance of balance through cooperation

Leonardo Da Vinci’s Notebooks. From Neo-Platonism to Physicalism. The epistemological thinking of Leonardo Da Vinci does not continue the tradition of Neo-Platonic thought, but surpasses it in order to abandon it. Generally, it comes to a rupture with the authorities of Antiquity and the Middle Ages. But, on close reading of the Notebooks of Da Vinci, some structural and morphological parallels with the Neo-Platonic principles and ideas become apparent, which the Renaissance man converted to laws of nature. The presence of these correspondences indicates the existence of a transition phase, when the new way of thinking progressively replaces the previous one. The physicalistic view of reality is gaining ground as the metaphysics was replaced by the study of the sensible world as an autonomous reality.Ο επιστημονικός τρόπος σκέψης του Λεονάρντο Ντα Βίντσι δεν συνεχίζει τη Νεοπλατωνική παράδοση σκέψης αλλά την υπερβαίνει για να την εγκαταλείψει. Γενικά, έρχεται σε ρήξη προς τις αυθεντίες της Αρχαιότητας και του Μεσαίωνα. Ωστόσο, κατά την ανάγνωση των Σημειωματάριων του είναι εμφανείς δομικές και μορφολογικές αντιστοιχίες με ορισμένες Νεοπλατωνικές αρχές και ιδέες, οι οποίες έχουν πλέον μεταμορφωθεί σε φυσικούς νόμους. Η παρουσία αυτών των αντιστοιχιών υποδηλώνει την ύπαρξη ενός σταδίου μετάβασης, όταν ο νέος τρόπος σκέψης υποκαθιστά ολοένα και περισσότερο τον προηγούμενο. Η φυσιοκρατική αντίληψη για την πραγματικότητα κερδίζει έδαφος, καθώς η μεταφυσική υποκαθίσταται από την αντιμετώπιση του αισθητού κόσμου ως αυτόνομη πραγματικότητα.

The doctrine of metempsychosis not only played an important role in the formation of a rational concept of immortality in ancient times, but also had an impact on the formation of Christian ideas about the afterlife. The main feature of the concepts of metempsychosis in the ancient Greek world view was to give them the moral and ethical character. First it was clearly expressed in the mystery cults of ancient Greece.