81.
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Studia Neoaristotelica:
Volume >
18 >
Issue: 3
Miroslav Hanke
Scholastická logika „vědění“ III.:
Logická vševědoucnost a logika inferenčního poznání
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The problem of logical omniscience breaks down to the problems of the closure of knowledge under implication and of the distribution of knowledge over implication. In late medieval scholasticism these two related issues were engaged in various genres, in particular in general analysis of validity, games of obligationes, solution to self-referential antinomies and semantics of terms. The present study analyses the corpus of fourteenth-century texts with some overreaches to the subsequent two centuries, attempting to cover representatives of both the “British” and the “Continental” tradition. With some degree of simplification, this results in a range of four basic positions: 1. knowledge is closed under “analytic entailment” (Buridan), 2. knowledge distributes over implication (Heytesbury), 3. knowledge distributes over implication provided that its consequent’s truth is being taken into consideration (Peter of Mantua), 4. knowledge does not distribute overimplication (Wyclif).
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82.
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Studia Neoaristotelica:
Volume >
19 >
Issue: 3
Tomáš Edl
V čem je kouzlo neurčenosti:
Příspěvek ke sporu o (i)racionalitu racionálního kompatibilismu
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83.
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Studia Neoaristotelica:
Volume >
19 >
Issue: 5
Lukáš Novák
Být v či nebýt v?:
Tomistické a scotistické pojetí konstituce kategoriálního vztahu
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The purpose of this article is to compare the Thomist and the Scotist theory of relations. The main feature of the Thomist theory is an effort to minimize the ontological import of the specific essential ratio of relation as such, called esse ad, and to reduce the ontological import of its other aspect, the esse in or inherence understood as a common feature of all accidents, to the esse in of its foundation. The Scotists, on the other hand, have no tendency to deflate the esse ad of a relation. Moreover, according to Malafossa of Barge’s theory (adopted by B. Mastri and B. Belluto), a relation involves two different instances of esse in. The one, called esse in velut in subiecto, is that generic inherence common to all accidents (which, therefore, does not occur in the substantial relations of divine persons). The other, esse in velut in fundamento, belongs specifically to relation as such and reflects the fact that very relation, even a substantial one, is not only a relation towards something, but necessarily also a relation of something towards something else. In spite of the fact, therefore, that the Thomist and Scotist doctrines are usually grouped together as mere subvariants of anti-reductive realism, they must be regarded as substantially different.
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84.
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Studia Neoaristotelica:
Volume >
19 >
Issue: 6
Filomathés čili o odbornosti:
(z řečtiny přeložil Lukáš Novák)
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Poznámka překladatele - Čtenář si nepochybně klade otázku po původu a historickém kontextu nově objeveného sókratovského dialogu, jehož český překlad zde prezentujeme. Tomuto oprávněnému požadavku však bohužel zatím nelze dostát. Autorství a historická povaha textu jsou stále předmětem zkoumání a zásadní nejistota zatím panuje i ohledně zcela základních otázek. Prezentovat zde jakékoliv předběžné dohady by tudíž za této situace mohlo být velmi zavádějící; čekat s prezentací dialogu veřejnosti na vyřešení techto otázek se však zdálo škoda. Proto jsem se rozhodl – po poradě s redakcí časopisu – zdržet se prozatím všech vyjádření k historickým a textově kritickým otázkám spjatým s textem a předložit jej tímto způsobem v pracovním českém překladu bez jakéhokoliv dalšího komentáře. Překlad věnuji svým kolegům. - Lukáš Novák
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85.
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Studia Neoaristotelica:
Volume >
16 >
Issue: 5
Prokop Sousedík
Dvojí pohled na Tomášův traktát o Trojici
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The author shows that Aquinas’s treatise on the Trinity can be viewed in two ways. According to the first, now prevailing opinion, the thoughts of the Angelic Doctor are too speculative and in essence they harm our personal relationship with God. He aims to show that the main source of inspiration for this approach are those currents in modern and contemporary philosophy according to which any metaphysics is impossible. Adherents of the other view do not reject metaphysics, and so they are also sympathetic towards Aquinas’s connecting speculation with the Trinity doctrine. They see a great advantage in this connexion, as it allows us to understand more deeply the mysteries of faith and so to demonstrate the uniqueness of the Christian message. The author aims to show that both approaches are justified and one should not be sacrificed for the other. He believes that a philosophical framework allowing the old and the new Trinitarian theologies to coexist is provided by Wittgenstein’s conception of speech games.
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86.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
56 >
Issue: 1/2
Dagmar Pichová
Dagmar Pichová
Ironie u Pascala
Irony in Pascal’s Work
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The paper deals with the role of irony in the thought of Blaise Pascal. The author proposes to distinguish two types of irony in Pascal’s work. The first type – offensive irony – can be found in The Provincial Letters, Pascal’s polemics with the principles of Jesuit moral teachings. The use of ironic strategy allows Pascal to criticize efficiently the Jesuit argumentation and the problematic consequences of their moral values. In Pascal’s Pensées, the function of irony changes radically. Pascal’s description of the position of human beings can be compared to the irony of situation, represented usually by The Oedipus King by Sophocles. Irony thus becomes a perspective which depicts the paradoxes of human existence and intensifies the emotional impact of Pascal’s work.
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87.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
56 >
Issue: 1/2
Ivana Holzbachová
Ivana Holzbachová
Pojetí role vědy v politice u Emila Durkheima
Emile Durkheim’s Conception of the Role of Science in Politics
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Durkheim’s political interest stems from an analysis of anomies of the late 19th century society. He credits the anomies to the changes in the organization of labor division in the society as well as to the fact that man is a being with ever increasing demands. In this respect he appeals to all social classes to abide by the rule of moderateness. – Durkheim poses the question if sociologists can contribute to social reform. In his view the most important contribution is their scientific work, i.e. an analysis and a description of social reality. Such activity does not qualify them as politicians. In politics, a scientist can only act as a citizen or possibly an adviser and an educator.
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88.
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Studia Philosophica:
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56 >
Issue: 1/2
Michal Vavřík
Michal Vavřík
K interpretaci Hegelovy filosofie státu
A Contribution to the Interpretation of Hegel’s Philosophy of State
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This paper contains preliminary notes on an interpretation of Hegel’s political philosophy. It concentrates on the last part of The Philosophy of Right, i. e. sphere of the ethical life. A thesis defended in the paper is that it is Hegel’s notion of bureaucracy which is crucial for the interpretation. Concepts are employed of civil society and public sphere by J. Habermas, as well as of habitus by P. Bourdieu in order to highlight fragmented character of the civil society. Therefore, the bureaucracy is given major role in realization of “the concrete universal” by means of both public administration and parliamentary politics. The centrality of bureaucracy in political integration is therefore called administrative nationalism.
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89.
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Studia Philosophica:
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56 >
Issue: 1/2
Antonín Dolák
Antonín Dolák
Heideggerova metoda a světlina bytí
Heidegger’s Method and Category Lichtung
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The study is about the ontology late Martin Heidegger. The work analyses mainly category Lichtung and category Sein and relation L ichtung and Sein. Lichtung is in Heidegger’s work “The End of Philosophy“ ALETHEIA , also truth in early ancient meaning, mainly in Parmenides trought. Me study anylyses also form good method according to Heidegger.
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90.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Josef Petrželka, Jan Váně
Josef Petrželka
Filosofie a divadlo
Filosofie a divadlo
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91.
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Studia Philosophica:
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58 >
Issue: 1
Jan Váně, Josef Petrželka
Jan Váně
Abélard a Heloisa
Abelard and Heloise
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Love, universals, a new written source, deceit and treason – all of that can be seen in a play on the love affair between the philosopher Abélard and his conscientious student Heloise. A recently discovered letter of Abelard reveals that he actually never lost his manhood, but only pretended his bad luck to find peace and quiet for his philosophical contemplations on, among other things, universals.
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92.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Jan Váně, Josef Petrželka
Jan Váně
Jan Hus a Stanislav ze Znoyma
John Huss and Stanislav of Znoymo
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A „dramatic humoresque“ – not exactly a truthful version of the clash of ideas of two major medieval Czech figures, John Huss and his philosophically more vigorous teacher Stanislav of Znoymo. In our version Huss invents the matches in order to set the world on fire and thus purify the church of evil – the audience and readers´ task is to find all historical and factual inaccuracies deliberately incorporated into the play.
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93.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Josef Petrželka, Ondřej Sládek
Josef Petrželka
Filosof(ie) a žena
Philosophy(-pher) and the woman
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The history of philosophy is dominated by men’s names – does that mean philosophy is inaccessible to women? Or could we even say that the woman is the philosopher’s enemy that hinders his intellectual efforts? Or is it the contrary, being the philosopher’s Muse, she helps promote philosophical thought? To answer these questions, the play offers four rather fictional stories about renowned philosophers and their significant others, drawing from Jiří Cetl’s work But they were philosophers... (Ale vždyť to byli filozofové..., Brno 2000). It introduces Socrates and his wife Xanthippa, Epicure and Athenian hetaerae, John Lock with a young French lady and finally Jean-Jacquesem Rousseau with his prospective wife and mother-in-law. The ultimate answer to the questions remains to be decided by the reader.
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94.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Ištván Tračník
Ištván Tračník
BRAIN MAN aneb Ať žije evoluce!
Brain Man or Long Live Evolution!
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A detective story presenting a thought experiment from philosophy of mind that results in a hypothetical, extremely dangerous being – philosophical zombie – which looks and behaves just like any other person, but has no consciousness. The goal of the two detectives (René Descartes and Alan Turing) is to discover this mysterious and possibly undiscoverable creature before it dispatches the Swedish Queen.
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95.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Radovan Burhan
Radovan Burhan
Světská pokušení Pána z Heideggeru aneb Kdo byl Hitlerův otec?
Profane Seduction of the Lord of Heidegger or Who Was Hitler’s Father?
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This play offers a story from recent history, almost the present time (however a fictional one) as well as a serious, even tragic drama attempting to assess the rate of cooperation of the prominent German philosopher M. Heidegger with German war ideology and to suggest an adequate punishment.
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96.
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Studia Philosophica:
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58 >
Issue: 1
Josef Petrželka, Rudolf Šnajder, Jana Gajdošová
Josef Petrželka
Tenkrát ve filosofii
Once Upon a Time in Philosophy
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This western-play introduces the clash between rationalism and empiricism of the Modern Period, embodied in the bloody battles between white settlers and Indians. As theplay is meant to be a tribute to E. Morricone´s film music, it is the music that wins the performed philosophical war.
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97.
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Studia Philosophica:
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58 >
Issue: 1
Michal Stránský
Michal Stránský
Pro dobrou věc. Hra o několika dějstvích a žádném intermezzu
For a Good Thing. A Play of Several Acts and No Intermezzo
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Kamil, a not particularly reflective hero of this play, is just after his death faced with the question of what the good and the good life are. He gets the opportunity to do a good thing in one hour and thus avoid the Devil´s power. Kamil makes an effort using several personified ethical theories, but fails to find a clear and ultimate answer.
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98.
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Studia Philosophica:
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58 >
Issue: 1
Josef Petrželka
Josef Petrželka
Jak najít pravého prince?
How to Find the Right Prince
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This children’s play attempts to show the audience the long and troublesome journey that the Platonist has to take to reach the genuine knowledge and find the goal of human life. All of the epistemic options offered by Plato are so uncertain that the happy ending of the journey to the true being (Platonic Forms) can only be ensured by one thing – a fairy tale.
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99.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Jana Matiščíková, Josef Krob, Josef Petrželka
Jana Matiščíková
Kladivo na časoděj
The Hammer of Time
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Time has disappeared. It must have been a murder. Who is guilty? The most important figures of the history of philosophy and science are summoned to sing and clearly express their relation to time. The philosophical musical does not end in bloody execution, though. It turns out that no murder was actually committed, as time has never, does not, and will never exist.
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100.
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Studia Philosophica:
Volume >
58 >
Issue: 1
Petr Kopáček
Petr Kopáček
Možný svět nutně nestačí aneb Hra pro Kočku
A Possible World Is Not Necessarily Enough or A Play for a Cat
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The hero of this play – Arthur – introduces to the audience and readers several different worlds that share the fact that they are all possible worlds. The theory of possible worlds is the major theoretical background of the play. The plot is based on the idea that one and the same individual can appear in several possible worlds in a more or less different form. If one finds a way of traveling among the worlds – at least fictionally on the stage – which is accomplished by the Cat, the Schrödinger´s Cat, Arthur can set off for a journey to meet himself or possibly even God.
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